There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Network and Distributed System Security Symposiumにおける研究動向の調査

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity for diverse applications and services in both the military and civilian domains. For cooperation and collaboration among UAVs, they can be wirelessly interconnected in an ad hoc manner, resulting in a UAV network. UAV networks have unique features and characteristics that are different from mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. The dynamic behavior of rapid mobility and topology changes in UAV networks makes the design of a routing protocol quite challenging. In this paper, we review the routing protocols for UAV networks, in which the topology-based, position-based, hierarchical, deterministic, stochastic, and social-network-based routing protocols are extensively surveyed. The routing protocols are then compared qualitatively in terms of their major features, characteristics, and performance. Open issues and research challenges are also discussed in the perspective of design and implementation.

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Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Survey

The Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is an emerging technology with significant applications. The MWSN allows the sensor nodes to move freely and they are able to communicate with each other without the need for a fixed infrastructure. These networks are capable of out-performing static wireless sensor networks as they tend to increase the network lifetime, reduce the power consumption, provide more channel capacity and perform better targeting. Usually routing process in a mobile network is very complex and it becomes even more complicated in MWSN as the sensor nodes are low power, cost effective mobile devices with minimum resources. Recent research works have led to the design of many efficient routing protocols for MWSN but still there are many unresolved problems like retaining the network connectivity, reducing the energy cost, maintaining adequate sensing coverage etc. This paper addresses the various issues in routing and presents the state of the art routing protocols in MWSN. The routing protocols are categorized based on their network structure, state of information, energy efficiency and mobility. The classification presented here summarizes the main features of many published proposals in the literature for efficient routing in MWSN and also gives an insight into the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing routing protocols.

Routing in mobile wireless sensor network: a survey

Article history: Received 12 October 2014 Received in revised form 26 December 2014 Accepted 1 January 2015 Available online 25 February 2015

Eaack- A Secure Intrusion Detection System for Manets

With the growing popularity of wireless mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs), many security concerns have arisen from MANETs especially the misbehaving nodes pose a major threat. Node misbehaviour in ad hoc network is caused by lack of cooperation and goes under the name node selfishness. A selfish node does not directly intent to damage other nodes with active attacks but it simply does not cooperate in network operation, saving battery life for its own communication. The problem of identifying misbehaving nodes that drop packets selectively, in order to degrade the network performance is analysed. This paper we deal with misbehaving nodes in MANETs that drop packets supposed to be relayed, whose purpose may be either saving their resources or launching security attacks. We propose a new solution to monitor, detect and safely exclude the misbehaving node planned around six modules.

Mitigating routing misbehaviour in self organizing mobile ad hoc network using K-neighbourhood local reputation system

Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing is an extensively accepted routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). The inadequacy of security considerations in the design of AODV makes it vulnerable to black hole attack. In a black hole attack, malicious nodes attract data packets and drop them instead of forwarding. Among the existing black hole detection schemes, just a few strategies manage both single and collaborative attacks and that too with much routing, storage and computational overhead. This paper describes a novel strategy to reduce single and collaborative black hole attacks, with reduced routing, storage and computational overhead. The method incorporates fake route request, destination sequence number and next hop information to alleviate the limitations of existing schemes.

Detection of single and collaborative black hole attack in MANET

Underwater sensor network (USN) has a wide range of aquatic application that is totally different from terrestrial sensor network. The nodes of USN have a peculiar characteristics like float mobility, limited bandwidth and energy, signal and link quality, routing challenges and its cost and high error probability. By this nature, USN degrades the performance in terms of throughput and lifetime. This paper presents the link quality, routing path issue built on depth-based routing techniques to overcome the shortages in the existing work. Triangular metric-based routing is a geometric combination of packet reception probability (PRP), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and link quality indication (LQI) that is used to select the next forwarding node with reliability, which in turn reduces the routing cost. Moreover, it makes the very less energy consumption and improves the network lifetime. This method overcomes the unnecessary overlapping and repairs the link failure during network operation. The simulation results show that the proposed work reduces the cost of the route and improves the network lifetime by consuming less energy.

An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Depth-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (ER-DBR)

Mobility in tandem with energy efficiency in wireless sensor network endows with significant challenges for routing. Sensor nodes have limited energy supply and minimizing the power consumption is crucial in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN). This paper proposes a novel hybrid multipath energy aware routing protocol for MWSN called Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol (E2MWSNRP). The Energy Aware (EA) selection mechanism and the Maximal Nodal Surplus Energy estimation technique employed in this algorithm improve its energy performance. The ‘readiness’ concept of EA selection prolongs the network lifetime. The hybrid routing concept applied in this algorithm presents the advantages of both the reactive and proactive routing. An evaluation methodology and simulation environment to verify the operation of this algorithm is presented here. Simulation results can demonstrate that the proposed scheme can outperform the existing routing protocols in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.

Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes that can be rapidly deployed as a multi-hop network without the aid of any centralized administration. Misbehavior is challenged by bandwidth and energy efficient medium access control and fair share of throughput. Node misbehavior plays an important role in MANET. In this survey, few of the contention window misbehavior is reviewed and compared. The contention window cheating either minimizes the active communication of the network or reduces bandwidth utilization of a particular node. The classification presented is in no case unique but summarizes the chief characteristics of many published proposals for contention window cheating. After getting insight into the different contention window misbehavior, few of the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing contention window are suggested. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the research efforts in combining the existing solutions to offer more efficient methods to reduce contention window cheating mechanisms.

S. Neelavathy Pari

Papers

Mitigating routing misbehaviour in self organizing mobile ad hoc network using K-neighbourhood local reputation system

Detection of single and collaborative black hole attack in MANET

An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Depth-Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (ER-DBR)

Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol

Performance Analysis of Contention Window Cheating Misbehaviors in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks