B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment

A few decades ago Amaranthus was rediscovered as a most promising plant genus that may provide high-quality protein, unsaturated oil, and various other valuable constituents. Since then research has focused on various Amaranthus spp. and has been rapidly expanding, and a large number of reports have been published. Several review articles focusing on different aspects, such as botanical, agrotechnological, compositional, biological, chemical, and technological properties, as well as applications and health effects, have also been published since then. This comprehensive review is focused on amaranth composition, antioxidant properties, applications, and processing. The composition includes macrocomponets (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber) and other important constituents, such as squalene, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, phytates, and vitamins. These aspects of amaranth studies have not been comprehensively reviewed for a long time.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12021

Nutritional Components of Amaranth Seeds and Vegetables: A Review on Composition, Properties, and Uses

Agricultural soil is a potential sink for atmospheric carbon as soil organic carbon. The carbon sequestration is affected by cropping system and management practices adopted. Rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Previous studies done by different research workers revealed both its positive as well as negative impacts on carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to determine C sequestration after nine year's rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cropping under an ongoing experiment at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (India). This study was based on five treatments (100%N, 100%NP, 100%NPK, 100%NPK + FYM and the control). In the surface soil layer (0–15 cm), soil organic carbon (SOC) increased from the initial status of 2.42 to 3.26 g kg −1 in the control, which significantly increased with the application of 100%NPK (4.11 g kg −1 ) and 100%NPK + FYM (4.55 g kg −1 ). The rice–wheat cropping even without any fertilization (control) contributed toward carbon sequestration (1.94 Mg C ha −1 ) with soil organic carbon pools and carbon sequestration rate of 7.84 Mg C ha −1 and 0.22 Mg C ha −1  yr −1 , respectively. The soil organic carbon pools, carbon sequestration and rate of carbon sequestration as observed in treatment of balanced fertilization (100%NPK) were significantly increased from 9.19 to 9.99 Mg C ha −1 , 3.30 to 4.10 Mg C ha −1 and 0.37 to 0.46 Mg C ha −1  yr −1 , respectively when farmyard manure was applied in conjunction with 100%NPK. The application of 100%NPK and 100%NPK + FYM significantly increased the soil labile carbon (1378 and 1578 mg kg −1 , respectively), water soluble carbon (35.3 and 37.2 mg kg −1 , respectively) and water soluble carbohydrates (526 and 538 mg kg −1 , respectively) as compared to the control, where the corresponding values were 898, 16.8 and 464 mg kg −1 . The content of water stable aggregates organic carbon also increased with fertilization especially in combination with farmyard manure, whereas bulk density of soil was significantly reduced in the treatment of 100%NPK (1.49 Mg m −3 ) and 100%NPK + FYM (1.46 Mg m −3 ) over the control (1.60 Mg m −3 ). The fertilizer treatments (100%N, 100%NP and 100%NPK) made a positive influence on soil organic carbon content in subsurface layers (15–60 cm) also and it was more so in the treatment of 100%NPK + FYM as compared to the control, although contents did not differ significantly. Balanced fertilization (100%NPK) with and without FYM significantly improved the labile C content of soil (up to depth of 60 cm) over the control. Balanced fertilization in combination with FYM significantly increased the water soluble carbon content of soil in comparison to the control (up to depth of 60 cm). Bulk density of sub surface soil (15–60 cm) was reduced in all the treatments as compared to the control although the treatment effect was non-significant. The rice–wheat cropping sequence thus, showed the potential of mitigating atmospheric carbon load through its sequestration and integrated nutrient management may further enhance this potential.

Carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in a rice–wheat cropping system: Effect of long-term use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure

The utilization of chicken manure as an organic fertilizer is essential in improving soil productivity and crop production. We carried out the study to assess the effects of chicken manure on soil chemical properties and the response of application rate on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) as well as the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. To quantify these effects, we added chicken manure to samples of Calcisols, Arenosols and Luvisols at application rates: 5, 10, 20 and 40% chicken manure. The addition of chicken manure irrespective of application rate did not change the acidity or pH of Calcisol, suggesting its hypo-buffering capacity. While the results reveal increases of EC with increasing rate, at rate above 40%, the ECs were above the critical salinity level of 4 mS/cm indicating potential threat to soil productivity. The exchangeable bases increased with application rate, suggesting the positive effects of chicken manure in enhancing soil fertility. Similarly significant increase of nitrogen and phosphorus were observed following the addition of chicken manure. Initially the spinach yield increases up to optimum rate of 0.06, 0.07 and 0.16 g/plant for Luvisol, Arenosol and Calcisol, respectively and subsequently drops after critical threshold values; 15, 5 and 1% for Calcisol, Arenosol and Luvisol, respectively. Interestingly above the rate of 40%, the yield was almost zero for all soils, suggesting the ineffectiveness of chicken manure in enhancing soil productivity.

	 

	Key words: Chicken manure, soil chemical properties, soil types, spinach (Spinaciaoleracea).

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Chicken manure-enhanced soil fertility and productivity: Effects of application rates

The effect of poultry manure (PM) applied to sorghum at 7.5 t/ha was studied in the forest-savanna transition zone of Southwest Nigeria. There were 5 tillage treatments with or without PM making 5 x 2 (10) factorial combinations replicated three times at two locations (Isuada and Rugipo). The experiment was conducted using the same plots in three years. The PM significantly (P>0.05) reduced soil bulk density and temperature and increase porosity and moisture content. The manure increased significantly soil organic matter, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations. The plant height, leaf area, stem girth and weight of roots, shoot and grain yield were significantly increased. The mean grain yield was increased by 39%. The PM had cumulative effect on soil properties, growth and yield parameters over the three years of study.

Effect of poultry manure on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of sorghum in Southwest, Nigeria.

A field study was conducted on the separate and combined effect of two agrowastes namely:Cocoa pod ash and poultry manure on soil fertility, nutrient content, growth and grain yield of maize on an Alfisol in Southwest Nigeria. Separate and combined effects of the materials were investigated at application rates of 0, 5 and 10t/ha given nine treatments. The effect of treatments on the first crop and residual effect on the second crop was studied. The test soil was low in organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Zn. Poultry manure had lower C:N ratio and higher N, P, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations compared with cocoa pod ash which had higher K and Ca concentrations. Cocoa pod ash and poultry manure increased significantly soil OM, soil and maize macro and micro nutrients content on immediate and residual basis. The two materials have cumulative and complementary effect on soil nutrients and nutrient uptake. While poultry manure gave higher values of soil N, P, Ca and Mg and plant N, P, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn than cocoa pod ash, ash gave higher values of soil Cu, Zn, and Mn and plant K and Ca. Plant N, P, K, Zn and Fe increased with level of poultry manure. The ash and poultry manure increased dry matter yield, height and grain yield of maize significantly, although poultry manure gave higher yield than ash at the same rate. The ash at 5 and 10t/ha increased grain yield by 20 and 31% respectively on immediate basis and by 34 and 74% on residual basis. Poultry manure at 5 and 10t/ha increased yield by 39 and 43% respectively on immediate basis, and 73 and 93% on residual basis. Combination of 5t/ha cocoa pod ash with poultry manure at 10 and 5t/ha respectively gave highest cumulative yield of 6.51 and 5.58t/ha.

Comparative and cumulative effect of cocoa pod husk ash and poultry manure on soil and maize nutrient contents and yield.

2 Abstract: Combined use of crop and animal wastes is necessary in order to obtain adequate amount of organic manure for use in crop production. Hence field experiments were conducted at two sites in Akure, Southwest Nigeria to compare effect of NPK (15-5-15) fertilizer (200 kg ha ) and each of Spent Grain (SG) and ground 1 Cocoa Husk (CH) amended with Cattle Dung (CD), Poultry Manure (PM) and Goat Manure (GM) at equal rates (12.5 t ha :12.5 t ha ). The effects of treatments on leaf N, P and K concentrations, growth and fruit yield 11 of tomato were studied. Compared with control, NPKF and animal manure amended SG and CH increased leaf N and K, plant height, number of branches, leaf area, number and weight of fruits significantly (p>0.05). Fruit yields given by CD, PM and GM amended CH and PM and GM amended SG were similar. Among eight treatments compared, CH and SG amended with PM gave highest fruit yields. Compared with control, NPKF, amended SG and CH increased fruit yield by 268,342 and 397%, respectively.

Effect of Animal Manure Ammended Spent Grain and Cocoa Husk on Nutrient Status Growth and Yield of Tomato

This research work described the effect of organic waste (poultry manure) on soil cumulative infiltration rate (CIR), soil organic matter (SOM), and maize performance on two contrasting alfisols of southwestern Nigeria. Six treatments of poultry manure were applied in split at 0 Mg/ha, 2 Mg/ha, 4 Mg/ha, 6 Mg/ha, 8 Mg/ha, and 10 Mg/ha, in replicate under a completely randomized design to clay loam (CL) and sandy clay loam (SCL) soils, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the initial application. The results showed significant increases (P < 0.05) in CIR, SOM, and maize performance compared to the control in both soils. Poultry manure at 10 Mg/ha recorded the highest SOM which was significantly (P < 0.05) different from other application rates in both soils. The mean values for SOM in SCL were between 0.67 and 3.75% for 0 Mg/ha and 10 Mg/ha, while the mean values recorded for CL were between 0.80 and 4.35% at 0 Mg/ha and 10 Mg/ha. Poultry manure reduced CIR in the SCL, but improved CIR with increasing rates on CL. Poultry manure at 4–10 Mg/ha increased the maize shoot biomass significantly (P < 0.05). However, the application rate of 6 Mg/ha manure recorded the highest fresh shoot biomass, while 8 Mg/ha increased dry shoot biomass in both soils. This study indicated that poultry manure applied at 10 Mg/ha gave the best results in improving CIR, SOM, and maize performance on different soil types.

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Effects of poultry manure on soil infiltration, organic matter contents and maize performance on two contrasting degraded alfisols in southwestern Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in 2001 and 2002 on acidic Ultisol of Southeast Nigeria to assess the effects of amending soil with plant residues on soil physical and chemical properties. The soil amendment treatments compared were natural fallow, wood ash at 6 tha -1 , peanut residue at 12 tha -1 , combination of wood ash and peanut residue at 6 tha -1 and 12 tha -1 respectively, and NPK fertilizer (300 kg ha -1 ). Incorporated wood ash, peanut residue, their combination, and fertilizer increased cation exchange capacity (CEC) compared with fallow, peanut residue increased soil N but not P. Ash increased soil P and not N, NPK fertilizer increased soil N, P and CEC. Ash and peanut residue, alone or combined, reduced soil bulk density and increased aggregate stability and porosity. Nigerian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 15 2005: 9-13

S. O. Ojeniyi

Papers

Effect of poultry manure on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of sorghum in Southwest, Nigeria.

Comparative and cumulative effect of cocoa pod husk ash and poultry manure on soil and maize nutrient contents and yield.

Effect of Animal Manure Ammended Spent Grain and Cocoa Husk on Nutrient Status Growth and Yield of Tomato

Effects of poultry manure on soil infiltration, organic matter contents and maize performance on two contrasting degraded alfisols in southwestern Nigeria

Comparative effects of plant residues and NPK fertilizer on soil properties in a humid ultisol