1. Setting the Scope of the Challenge 6474 1.1. The Need for Solar Energy Supply and Storage 6474 1.2. An Imperative for Discovery Research 6477 1.3. Scope of Review 6478 2. Large-Scale Centralized Energy Storage 6478 2.1. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) 6479 2.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 6480 3. Smaller Scale Grid and Distributed Energy Storage 6481 3.1. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 6481 3.2. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 6482 4. Chemical Energy Storage: Electrochemical 6482 4.1. Batteries 6482 4.1.1. Lead-Acid Batteries 6483 4.1.2. Alkaline Batteries 6484 4.1.3. Lithium-Ion Batteries 6484 4.1.4. High-Temperature Sodium Batteries 6484 4.1.5. Liquid Flow Batteries 6485 4.1.6. Metal-Air Batteries 6485 4.2. Capacitors 6485 5. Chemical Energy Storage: Solar Fuels 6486 5.1. Solar Fuels in Nature 6486 5.2. Artificial Photosynthesis and General Considerations of Water Splitting 6486

Solar Energy Supply and Storage for the Legacy and Nonlegacy Worlds

Power consumption is forecast by the International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors (ITRS) to pose long-term technical challenges for the semiconductor industry. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to provide an overview of strategies for powering MEMS via non-regenerative and regenerative power supplies; (2) to review the fundamentals of piezoelectric energy harvesting, along with recent advancements, and (3) to discuss future trends and applications for piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. The paper concludes with a discussion of research needs that are critical for the enhancement of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices.

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Powering MEMS portable devices—a review of non-regenerative and regenerative power supply systems with special emphasis on piezoelectric energy harvesting systems

Li–air(O2) and Li–S batteries have gained much attention recently and most relevant research has aimed to improve the electrochemical performance of air(O2) or sulfur cathode materials. However, many technical problems associated with the Li metal anode have yet to be overcome. This review mainly focuses on the electrochemical behaviors and technical issues related to metallic Li anode materials as well as other metallic anode materials such as alkali (Na) and alkaline earth (Mg) metals, including Zn and Al when these metal anodes were employed for various types of secondary batteries.

Metallic anodes for next generation secondary batteries.

Renewable energy technologies are expected to take the leading role in the forthcoming energy generation portfolio in order to achieve sustainable energy generation. The major constraints for increasing penetration of renewable energy sources is their availability and intermittency, which can be addressed through energy storage when available and energy use when needed. This work reviews the energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of the performance parameters of the major energy storage options. The parameters compared here include efficiency, energy capacity, energy density, run time, capital investment costs, response time, lifetime in years and cycles, self discharge and maturity of each energy storage option. The choice of storage system will depend on individual requirements, and may even incorporate more than one energy storage system to increase the energy storage capacity and improve energy security.

Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration

Aqueous rechargeable batteries are promising for grid storage and electric vehicles, but they suffer from poor cycle life due to anode instability. Exploiting stable ion-coordination charge storage and chemical inertness towards aqueous electrolytes, quinones are now reported as stable anodes.

Universal quinone electrodes for long cycle life aqueous rechargeable batteries

Nickel-based rechargeable batteries

Influence of phosphoric acid on the electrochemistry of lead electrodes in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing antimony

Kinetics of hydrogen-evolution reaction on lead and lead-alloy electrodes in sulfuric acid electrolyte with phosphoric acid and antimony additives

Prior to the commercialization of nickel–metal hydride batteries in 1991, nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd) batteries were being used extensively to power portable electronic equipment as replacement to primary batteries. Subsequent to their realization in 1899 by Waldemar Jungner in Sweden, Ni–Cd batteries have been developed and commercialized both in vented and sealed configurations. Nickel–cadmium batteries have remarkably high cycle life at low temperatures, a feature that has attracted their usage in space applications. But the toxicity of cadmium is forcing the manufacturers to slowly withdraw Ni–Cd batteries from the consumer market. This article describes the operating principle, performance characteristics, and developmental efforts with respect to Ni–Cd batteries.

S. Venugopalan

Papers

Nickel-based rechargeable batteries

Influence of phosphoric acid on the electrochemistry of lead electrodes in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing antimony

Kinetics of hydrogen-evolution reaction on lead and lead-alloy electrodes in sulfuric acid electrolyte with phosphoric acid and antimony additives

SECONDARY BATTERIES – NICKEL SYSTEMS | Nickel–Cadmium: Overview