A review of state-of-charge indication of batteries by means of a.c. impedance measurements

Almost all heavy metals are serious toxicants as carcinogens. However, due to their chemical and physiological properties, heavy metals are useful in industrial areas including alloy, smelting and production of commercial products. Such applications increase the opportunity for heavy metal exposure. Waste from industrial processes is also a major source of environmental contamination and accumulation in the human body. Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel are classified as group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and are utilized commercially. In this review, we used molecular pathway analysis to understand the toxicity and carcinogenic mechanisms of these metals. Our analyzed data showed that above-mentioned metallic substances induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell death processes, resulting in increase the risk of cancer and cancer-related diseases. Thus, we might think phytochelatin molecules and antioxidative phytochemical substances are helpful for prevention of heavy metal-induced cancer.

An Overview of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism and Prevention.

Fractional system identification for lead acid battery state of charge estimation

A brief review of the theory pertaining to the impedance of electrolytic cells is presented. Differences between the operational representations of cell impedances in the fields of electrochemistry and electrical engineering are noted. The experimental data on the impedance of complete batteries, available from the literature, is critically reviewed. The results are discussed in terms of the generation of a nondestructive,in situ, state-of-charge test.

The impedance of electrical storage cells

We derive and implement an algorithm that can accommodate an arbitrary number of model parameters, thereby allowing for more complicated battery models to be employed in formulating model reference adaptive systems as part of an energy management scheme for systems employing batteries. We employ the (controls) methodology of weighted recursive least squares with exponential forgetting. The output from the adaptive algorithm is the battery state of charge (remaining energy), state of health (relative to the battery's nominal rating), and power capability. The adaptive characterization of lead acid, nickel metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries is investigated with the algorithm. The algorithm works well for lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries; more work is needed on nickel metal hydride batteries.

Generalized Recursive Algorithm for Adaptive Multiparameter Regression Application to Lead Acid, Nickel Metal Hydride, and Lithium-Ion Batteries

The problem of nondestructive determination of the state-of-charge of nickel-cadmium batteries has been examined experimentally as well as theoretically from the viewpoint of internal impedance. It is shown that the modulus of the impedance is mainly controlled by diffusion at all states of charge. Even so, a prediction of the state of charge is possible if the equivalent series/parallel capacitance or the alternating current phase shift is measured at a sufficiently low a.c. test frequency (5–30 Hz) which also avoids inductive effects. These results are explained on the basis of a uniform transmission-line analog equivalent circuit for the battery electrodes.

Impedance parameters and the state-of charge. I. Nickel-cadmium battery

2. Principle of the method Electrochemical power sources possess an internal impedance whose resistive and reactive (i.e., orthogonal) components are intimately related to the effective area of the electrodes, kinetics of the electrode processes and transport properties of the ions in the system. Interpretation of the

S. Venugopalan

Papers

Impedance parameters and the state-of charge. I. Nickel-cadmium battery

Orthogonal components of the impedance of batteries by a simple technique