This study explored sales promotion letters (SPLs) and company profiles (CPs) of two prominent batik companies in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia This essay draws its data from the most important primary source of information on sales promotion letters and company profiles namely words, phrases, and clauses taken from the SPLs and CPs of batik written in Indonesian Secondary sources were also consulted in this research, among these transcribed data obtained from in-depth interviews with the text writers and buyers Three SPLs and two batik CPs were analyzed In addition, two informants (marketing and promotion managers) typifying the text production perspective and two buyers typifying the text consumption perspective were interviewed This research was guided by theories of genre analysis which focuses on patterns of rhetorical organization and genre-specific language features This study employed the multi-dimensional and multi perspective model of analysis focusing on textual, socio-cognitive and ethnographic aspects of the texts This study concludes that the strong Javanese cultural influence has made the underlying intention of gaining profits to be less explicitly stated Secondly, the textual analysis and the in-depth interviews supported the view that CPs of batik had been ideally used to create a favorable image of the company Thirdly, the most distinctive feature that differentiated establishing credentials in the Indonesian batik business context had been the utilization of a sense of moral obligation to preserve native culture Fourthly, the chemistry between writers and readers of SPLs and CPs built a strong foundation for mutual understanding and thus paved the way for making purchases To conclude, this study has shown how the wider culture and the culture of the discourse community has contributed to the framing and formatting of SPLs and CPs of batik in terms of lexico-grammar, cognitive structuring, intertextuality and interdiscursivity

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A genre analysis of promotional texts in an indonesian batik industry

Writers of research articles are expected to present research information in a structured manner by following a certain rhetorical patterns determined by the discourse community. Failures to keep to the writing standard and rhetorical pattern are likely to lower the acceptance rate. While producing a research article is understandably a complex task, it is even more difficult if one is writing in his or her second or third language. Even if grammatical mistakes can be ironed out by a language editor, researchers are on their own when it comes to rhetorical presentation of their research ideas. The available research writing guidelines constructed in the native speaker context often fall short in addressing rhetorical aspects related to cultural issues that have been known to influence most non native English (NNE) writings. Motivated by the complexity of rhetorical presentation in research articles and the problems on writing research articles by NNE writers, this paper is aimed to explore the rhetorical moves used by the Malaysian writers in the introduction section of Computer Science research articles for journal publication. CARS model (Swales, 2004) is used to analyze the rhetorical moves in the introduction section of Computer Science research articles by the Malaysian writers. The study begins with a corpus compilation of five research articles (RA) by the writers followed by move analysis use in the CARS model (Swales, 2004) was conducted to analyze the articles. The analysis revealed that majority of the writers adopted most of the rhetorical strategies in Swales model (2004). The paper concludes that CARS model is suitable in identifying the rhetorical moves in the RA by Malaysian writers.

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Rhetorical Structures in Academic Research Writing by Non- Native Writers

Convincing the audience to accept the research (in this case a manuscript submitted to an international journal) is an important rhetorical act that an author has to make in order to gain attention (Swales 1990). To win the audience, specifically the ‘gate-keeping’ editors and reviewers, authors also use several strategies including stating the significance of the research field, critically reviewing the literature, and providing the justifications (positive or negative). When choosing these strategies authors are influenced by values and norms applicable in their cultures, including both their local and their academic cultures. It has been reported that Asian, including Indonesian, authors use less negative justification strategy than positive ones (Safnil 2000; Ahmad 1997). However, little attention has been given to the extent their values and norms potentially affect their chance of their papers getting serious attention and getting published. This paper will report and discuss variations across disciplines in selected Indonesian Humanities and Hard Sciences empirical research articles regarding the extent to which their own values and norms form potential obstacles that need to be overcome by the authors to achieve their purpose. This paper will focus on the rhetorical styles employed by Indonesian authors to win the audience in three Hard Science disciplines (Agriculture, Biology and Medical Science) and 3 Humanities disciplines (Education, Linguistics and Social-Political sciences). It will compare the two groups of disciplines, among the disciplines in each group, and across all the disciplines. Which of these disciplines will be likely to need to change their styles if the authors have to write for and possibly gain publication in an international journal and why? To answer these questions, this study used a mixed method approach. It employed a simple quantitative method to find the number of strategies used in each discipline. It also employed qualitative method to probe the reasons for the quantitative results through in depth interviews with some authors and editors. The study also used findings from various studies about problems experienced by EAL (English as an additional language) authors when trying to publish their manuscripts in an international English language journal (published in the ‘Center’ of knowledge development) to form a framework of analysis.

Prospects of Indonesian Research Articles (RAs) Being Considered for Publication in ‘Center’ Journals: A Comparative Study of Rhetorical Patterns of RAs in Selected Humanities and Hard Science Disciplines

The publication rate of Indonesian academics in reputable international journals is far below those of neighbouring countries. This is because Indonesian academics are not familiar with the appropriate rhetorical style of English research articles although they can write academic texts in English reasonably well. This study investigated the rhetorical problems experienced by Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities when writing research articles for international journals. In this study, all sections (abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion) of research article drafts written by Indonesian academics were analysed based on their rhetorical styles following the models suggested by Swales (1990, 2004), Swales and Feak (2009), Lim (2006), and Peacock (2011). The results show that Indonesian authors have significant rhetorical problems in writing the introduction, results and discussion sections but few problems with writing abstracts and the methods section. The majority of these academics fail to write a convincingly argumentative introduction and discussion because they either do not use relevant references at all or they use them in improper ways. The study concludes that Indonesian authors must learn the ideal rhetorical styles of research article introductions and discussions, especially the use of references, in order to be accepted in international journals.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED604147.pdf

The Rhetorical Problems Experienced by Indonesian Lecturers in Social Sciences and Humanities in Writing Research Articles for International Journals.

Research article introductions (RAIs) play a significant role in gaining publication, and therefore have been studied by many applied linguists. Research into RAIs published in Indonesia has begun to be developed (Adnan, 2009; Mirahayuni, 2001; Safnil, 2000), and generally conclude that Indonesian Humanities RAIs were structured differently from English RAIs. However, as these are early studies, their findings still awaits scrutiny, and little information on Indonesian RAIs especially in Education has been published. Several models describing discourse structure of research article introductions have been proposed, but they have been problematic when applied to analyse RAIs. This paper reports an examination of the applicability of two important models, the CARS (Swales, 1990) and the PJP model claimed to be an Indonesian model of Humanities RAIs (Safnil, 2000), using a selection of 21 Indonesian research article Introductions (RAIs) written by Indonesian academics in Education. It concentrates on the following questions: To what extent do these models fit the data and why? The examination found that none of the RAIs fit the CARS, and only less than half fit the PJP model for various reasons. Therefore a new model is proposed. This model fits most of the data. The paper claims that apart from national concerns, discourse patterns of RAIs are also affected by writing guides provided by the discipline.

"Ideal-Problem-Solution" (IPS) Model: A Discourse Model of Research Article Introductions (RAIS) in Education.

This thesis discusses rhetorical features of Indonesian research articles (RAs) in three disciplinary areas: Economics, Education and Psychology. These were written by Indonesian speakers and published mainly in university-based scientific journals. The main focus of this thesis is on the examination of the patterns of communicative purposes or ‘Moves’ and their subsequent elements or ‘Steps’ of the introduction sections of these articles. The analyses include the examination of communicative purposes and persuasive values of the texts, linguistic resources used to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions, and the cultural factors (ie. norms, beliefs and values) and scientific practices and academic writing conventions underlying the specific rhetorical features. This study found that the macro rhetorical structure of the Indonesian RAs (ie. the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion or IMRD pattern) is relatively similar to that of the English RAs except that, unlike in English RAs, the conclusion and suggestion section in the Indonesian RAs have a separate section. However, the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections in the two groups of the RAs (English and Indonesian) are relatively different. Differences are also found in the way that rhetorical works use the linguistic resources to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections of the two groups of RAs. Some of the rhetorical differences are because of the differences in the research

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Safnil

Papers

Rhetorical Structure Analysis of the Indonesian Research Articles