There is a massive transformation in the traditional healthcare system from the specialist-centric approach to the patient-centric approach by adopting modern and intelligent healthcare solutions to build a smart healthcare system. It permits patients to directly share their medical data with the specialist for remote diagnosis without any human intervention. Furthermore, the remote monitoring of patients utilizing wearable sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI) has made the treatment readily accessible and affordable. However, the advancement also brings several security and privacy concerns that poorly maneuvered the effective performance of the smart healthcare system. An attacker can exploit the IoT infrastructure, perform an adversarial attack on AI models, and proliferate resource starvation attacks in smart healthcare system. To overcome the aforementioned issues, in this survey, we extensively reviewed and created a comprehensive taxonomy of various smart healthcare technologies such as wearable devices, digital healthcare, and body area networks (BANs), along with their security aspects and solutions for the smart healthcare system. Moreover, we propose an AI-based architecture with the 6G network interface to secure the data exchange between patients and medical practitioners. We have examined our proposed architecture with the case study based on the COVID-19 pandemic by adopting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data exchange. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated using various machine learning (ML) classification algorithms such as random forest (RF), naive Bayes (NB), logistic regression (LR), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and perceptron. The RF classification algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithms in terms of accuracy, i.e., 98%. Finally, we present open issues and research challenges associated with smart healthcare technologies.

/pdf/a-taxonomy-on-smart-healthcare-technologies-security-ban4raoe.pdf

A Taxonomy on Smart Healthcare Technologies: Security Framework, Case Study, and Future Directions

n recent years it has been shown that the secure exchange of medical information significantly benefits people’s life quality, improving their care and treatment. The interoperability of the entire healthcare ecosystem is a constant challenge, and even more, with all the risks posed to the security of healthcare information. Blockchain technology is emerging as one of the main alternatives when it comes to finding a balance in the healthcare ecosystem. However, the constant development of new Blockchain technologies and the evolution of healthcare systems make it difficult to find established proposals. From an architectural point of view, the design of blockchain-based solutions requires trade-offs e.g., security and interoperability. This paper focuses on two main objectives, in the first one, it was carried out a Systematic Literature Review for exploring architectural mechanisms used to support the interoperability and security of Blockchain-based Health Management Systems. Taking into account of results, a series of scenarios were generated where these mechanisms can be used along with their context, issues, and various architectural concerns (interoperability and security). In the second objective, a high-level architecture and its validation were proposed through an experiment for the whole process of developing a Domain Specific Language, using the Model Driven Engineering methodology for specific Smart Contracts.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10015729.pdf

Blockchain for Healthcare Management Systems: A Survey on Interoperability and Security

Modern ages have perceived an exemplar swing in warehousing electronic health records (EHRs) on cloud settings with the catholic solicitation of mobile healthcare systems, where mobile devices are assimilated by means of cloud computing to assist medicinal data interactions amid patients and surgeons. The distribution of EHRs has prodigious optimistic connotation for investigation of disease and doctors’ diagnosis. This radical model empowers healthcare amenities with truncated operating charge, high flexibility, as well as EHRs accessibility. It is of paramount significance to hitch therapeutic evidence sprinkled through healthcare establishments to provision exhaustive data investigation and accomplish custom-made healthcare. Nevertheless, this newfangled archetype also nurtures apprehensions about data privacy in addition to network security for healthcare schemes. Exactly how to steadfastly stake data among mobile consumers while pledging sophisticated security echelons in cloud is a perplexing concern. Blockchain, by means of a public ledger pigeonholed through its transparency, tamper-evidence, decentralization, unforgeability, verifiability, as well as anonymity can support in forming a secure healthcare scheme. Existing works primarily recompense devotion to centralized in addition to Blockchain-based mechanisms. Nonetheless, they could not acclimatize to the snowballing volume of global medical records and agonize from multifaceted application encounters, singly. In this paper, the authors recommend a Diagonal Digital Signature Algorithm (DDSA) with Merkle Patricia Hash Trie (MPHT) algorithm which is an innovative EHRs sharing framework that exploits Blockchain to expedite secure medical record sharing amid dissimilar patients and surgeons. The pragmatic outcomes illustrate that our scheme affords an operative elucidation for unswerving data interactions on cloud while conserving delicate medical records in contrast to impending intimidations. This work completely works for the Architecture of data can be shared in secured way in the IoT-based health care applications. In the proposed secure data sharing scheme for smart medical applications, the amount of exponential and bilinear mapping procedures in the course of decryption is habitually proportional to the complexity of access control policy. The scheme assessment along with the security investigation also exhibit the performance enhancements in light-weight access control; slightest network latency, transmission delay and file loss rate; with extraordinary security as well as data privacy, paralleled to the prevailing record sharing schemes.

Securing IoT-based healthcare systems from counterfeit medicine penetration using Blockchain

The rapid and dangerous spread of COVID-19 has forced governments in various countries to provide information on patients’ medical records to the public in the context of prevention. Meanwhile, patients’ medical records are vital and confidential because they contain patients’ privacy. Changing and falsifying a patient’s medical record leads to various dangerous consequences, such as mishandling which results in the patient’s death. From these problems, the research introduces a new model with a combination of blockchain technology and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to secure the medical records of COVID-19 patients. This model is an improvement from the model and framework proposed by previous researchers. The proposed model consists of two big parts (front and back end). Then, the simulations are carried out to measure and prove the level of security of blockchain technology in securing patient medical records. The research results show that the ECDSA algorithm can protect patients’ medical records from being opened by unauthorized parties. Then, blockchain technology can prevent changes or manipulation of patient medical records because the information recorded on the blockchain network is impossible to change and will be immutable. The research has successfully introduced a new model in securing patient medical records.

Securing Medical Records of COVID-19 Patients Using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) in Blockchain

Deployment of secured healthcare information is a major challenge in a web-based environment. eHealth services are subjected to same security threats as other services. The purpose of blockchain is to provide a structure and security to the organization data. Healthcare data deals with confidential information. The medical records can be well organized and empower their propagation in a secured manner through the usage of blockchain technology. The study throws light on providing security of health services through blockchain technology. The authors have analyzed the various aspects of role of blockchain in healthcare through an extensive literature review. The application of blockchain in COVID-19 has also been analyzed and discussed in the study. Further application of blockchain in Indian healthcare has been highlighted in the paper. The study provides suggestions for strengthening the healthcare system by blending machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data, and IoT with blockchain.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2022/3727389.pdf

Analyzing the Prospects of Blockchain in Healthcare Industry

The common issues in medical services within the country are mostly associated with doctors' referral process, data transfer between health institutions, and portals for patients to access their medical information. Specific issues arise, such as sharing health Records across institutes or hospitals, problems with misuse of data once shared, no security, etc. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) Framework on Blockchain addresses those issues, resulting from a collaboration of all stakeholders involved. This paper explores the likelihood of representing medical records to make sure data privacy, data accessibility, and data interoperability for the healthcare-specific scenario. Data privacy refers to affording protection to ensure data is available when needed and not used, imparted, accessed, altered, or deleted while being stored or retrieved, or transmitted. Data accessibility is the ability to access the data regardless of natural or artificial accidents, hardware, or others. Improving the accessibility of health data in the healthcare sector while ensuring privacy has been identified as a necessary capability that involves every individual and organization. Traditionally, healthcare interoperability has centered on sharing data between business institutions, such as various hospital systems. The emphasis has lately been on patient-driven information sharing, where the exchange of medical information is patient-mediated and patient-driven. We propose implementing a large-scale information infrastructure to access Smart Contracts sponsored by EHRs as information mediators. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology will aid in making the EHR accessible over a broader network. Using Blockchain will help make far-reaching changes in the healthcare industry by providing immutable, authentic, and accessible medical records, privacy, and faster payments.

A Blockchain based Electronic Medical Health Records Framework using Smart Contracts

The Covid-19 pandemic has been one of the defining events in recent history. Education and company hiring processes has been impacted most adversely due to the pandemic. Disrupting the age-old class-room setup, the pandemic has forced educational institutions like schools and universities to implement online classes and online examinations. This paper proposes a smart online proctoring system which is the most effective method to reduce the percentage of cheating in online examinations. One can easily take an online proctored exam at any quiet environment. The system uses real time video from the webcam which is then passed onto the ML models to detect any malpractice performed by the examinee. The online proctoring system can be used by the educational institutes for conducting online examinations in a supervised manner. It can also be used by the companies for initial hiring processes through which the candidates can be filtered. This approach is cost effective and less time consuming.

Smart Online Exam Proctoring System

With the rise of population and clinical consumption, healthcare has emerged as one of the major issues. It's vital to listen to the body's essential signals for a healthy life. It is quite not possible to provide a patient with continuous monitoring. While it can be problematic to monitor a patient's health and vital conditions for a continuous period of 24 hours, when the patient is engaged in his everyday life and can communicate the health condition status with the specialist doctors via the Internet of Things. By Using non-invasive biomedical sensors that are responsible for five parameters of human vital health, i.e., —Electrocardiograph (ECG), Heart rate, Oxygen Levels, Body Temperature, and Pulse— this paper suggests a paradigm for monitoring people's health. The suggested method makes use of a microcontroller Arduino Mega that is connected to a safe non-invasive sensor and those relate to each other, and the information is viewed on the display of LCD.

Sahana R

Papers

A Blockchain based Electronic Medical Health Records Framework using Smart Contracts

Smart Online Exam Proctoring System

HEALTH MATE: Personal Health Tracker Based on the Internet of Things