nature of inhabitation, Bernd Jager says: \"To enter and come to inhabit a place fully means to redraw the limits of our bodily existence to include that place .... \" (p. 220). Understanding the house as an extension of the body gives architectural elements new significance. Because bodily presence implies boundaries, the door to one’s house, for example, can be seen as a transition between one’s self and the impersonal \"Other.\" Richard Lang’s essay on the phenomenological meaning of the door describes it as having been a significant architectural event until sacrificed to the twentieth-century notion of continuous flowing space. Lang says that the modern glass door, celebrating unlimited access, denies rituals of transition and obscures distinctions that give meaning to being in one’s own place and not in another’s. Our fundamental homelessness and alienation will not be resolved, however, simply by enriching our design language. So long as we abstract ourselves as observers and manipulators (even though we follow post-modern canons and ecological principles), we do not understand ourselves to be of a piece with the world, reflecting its authentic wholeness. Since Heidegger does not call simply for more efficacious action, but for a real change in our thinking--a change in our very existence incomprehensible to a dualistic mind--phenomenology may reflect the cultural paradigm shift that many feel is necessary to save us from self-destruction. Fundamental to the transparent openness of being in the world is our acceptance of the creative role of death, which frees us from lives of denial and diversion. In his essay, \"The Role of Spiritual Discipline in Learning to Dwell on Earth,\" Michael E. Zimmerman eloquently says:

Finding lost space: theories of urban design

Currently, heavy metal pollution becomes a severe problem whole over the world, and these toxic metals enter into the environment either by natural phenomena or due to extensive industrialization. The discharged effluents containing toxic heavy metals mixed with soil/water and change their natural composition. These heavy metals have adverse effects on living beings and cause damage to the vital body organs of animals as well as humans. The heavy metal pollution also inhibits the biodegradation of the chlorinated organic compounds (another type of environmental pollution) by interacting with metabolizing enzymes and inhibits their functioning. Earlier studies described that heavy metals cannot be fully removed from the environment, but they can be effectively neutralized or transformed into less toxic form so that their harmful effect on the environment can be reduced. The distinctive enzymatic apparatus within microbial system plays a major role in the transformation of heavy metals in the environment. A considerable advancement has been made during recent years to transform the heavy metals by utilizing the bioremediation potential of genetically engineered (GE) microorganisms. These transgenics are very much efficient in heavy metal transformations and still, we have to discover more to additionally utilize their full biotransformation potential. In the present review article, the detailed description of the adverse effects of four heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mercury, and chromium) and their adverse effect on our environment and human beings is discussed. Furthermore, the use of microorganisms/GE organisms for the bioremediation of heavy metals from the environment is also discussed along with their detailed bioremediation mechanism.

Adverse effect of heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, and Cr) on health and their bioremediation strategies: a review

Heavy metal removal from water is an important issue of environmental concern. This study demonstrates the application of endophytic bacterium Kocuria rhizophila (gene bank No: KF875448) isolated f...

Biosorption of cadmium and chromium from water by endophytic Kocuria rhizophila: equilibrium and kinetic studies

Nowadays, pollution of the environment is a huge problem for humans and other organisms' health. Conventional methods of pollutant removal like membrane filtration or ion exchange are not efficient enough to lower the number of pollutants to standard levels. Biological methods, because of their higher efficiency and biocompatibility, are preferred for the remediation of pollutants. These cost-effective and environment-friendly methods of reducing pollutants are called bioremediation. In bioremediation methods, enzymes play the most crucial role. Enzymes can remedy different types of organic and inorganic pollutants, including PAHs, azo dyes, polymers, organocyanides, lead, chromium, and mercury. Different enzymes isolated from various species have been used for the bioremediation of pollutants. Discovering new enzymes and new subtypes with specific physicochemical characteristics would be a promising way to find more efficient and cost-effective tools for the remediation of pollutants.

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Recent Advances in Enzymes for the Bioremediation of Pollutants.

Amino acid functionalized glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous detection of thallium and mercuric ions

As developing countries to become industrialized and urbanized, heavy metal pollution is likely to reach disturbing levels. These countries should learn from the mistakes of the developed nations and recognize that rapid deterioration of the environment can occur. There is a lack of data on the nature and extent of metal pollution either at local and regional level, particularly to assist in the understanding of metal cycling in the environment. Although most countries recognize the need to combat pollution, environmental, controls are either nonexistence or inadequate. So in this article we emphasized on one of the most important environment pollutant (Hg) and effect of mercury on the human health and at the end of the article some important and easy ways for preventing mercury hazards will be recommended.

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Effect of Mercury Pollution on the Urban Environment and Human Health

Since urban growth and converting the agricultural lands to urban area, green space applications are threatened seriously. One of the key elements of development is accessing and spending the leisure time in green and open space easily. Actually Green space is one of the ways to reduce several different kinds of pollutants efficiently such as gaseous pollutants, environmental pollution, noise, unpleasant odors and other pollutants which are found in air, water and soil and provides a healthier environment for human. According to population growth and urban space, pocket parks are a new and appropriate idea because of less space and availability for local people. In this study pocket park is defining and some important criteria such as locating on the side street, A local use, Easy access for local people(less distance to location), applied freely for the public in all ages, Which are introducing and prioritizing by using Expert choice software and Andisheh Park is our case study.

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Introducing and Implementation of Pocket Parks in Iranian Parks by Using AHP Model (Case Study: Andisheh Park in Qazvin City, Iran)

Lost urban spaces are unique spaces inside the city which have not been used at all or significantly. In other words, they are unpleasant urban areas which have no positive relationship with surrounding environment and users in redesigning process of spaces. Hence, organization and reclamation of lost and left spaces through performance injection from resources and wealth which give identity is a part of technologies which can be experienced and tested by experts in order to provide places for presence, spending time, observing and be seen from these excluded urban spaces. With this description and the importance of the subject, the present paper sought to introduce urban lost spaces and consider criteria in order to revive identity in these spaces using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) model and also to consider the succeeded level of the recovery plan of identity in Akhoond district in Qazvin using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the present study indicated that the recovery plan of identity in Akhoond district was not successful due to the lack of attention to main criteria of giving identity to spaces and it has not transferred identity, mobility and fixation to its residents.

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Evaluating the Succeeded Rate of Reviving Identity Plans of Lost Spaces Using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (The Center of Akhoond District)

To date, the necessity of security has always been felt in human lives and is one of the most basic human needs. On the other hand, urban space has the highest correlation with people and life environment and therefore it has an important role in giving identity and relaxation to citizens. Nowadays, paying attention to the concept of citizen's security and using various methods to promote are the main concerns of urban designers and authorities. Therefore, establishing a safe city by using efficient urban designs are resulted in environmental aesthetics, improving the quality of city framework and reducing urban crimes in addition to social, cultural and psychological impacts. The present study sought to identify effective environmental quality criteria on security such as accessibility, urban furniture, light and lighting designs, the role of pedestrian in addition to analyzing them and doing important factor of criteria using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model of weighting. Finally, two cases (Sepah and Molavi districts) were evaluated according to these criteria in terms of security. The results of the present study indicated that urban space design associated with presenting desirable environmental quality has a direct correlation with the security of citizens.

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Examining the Effective Rate of Environmental Qualities on the Security of Citizens in Urban Designs Using AHP Model (Sepah and Molavi Districts in Qazvin City of Iran)

The attention to sustainable urban development, participated urban planning, the consideration of territory as nonrenewable resource, sustainable mobility and so on has been characterizing also the investigation in the field of urban and regional sciences. This paper focuses on the crucial role for sustainable energy planning in creating the context and conditions for integrating and optimizing clean and efficient energy use within the urban built environment. The paper seeks to codify a new process of sustainable town planning which is able to indicate the real actions to operate on the city. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part expresses some definitions that were extracted from various projects. The second part explains and describes The Process of Energy Planning. Finally, strategic policies and actions are proposed for urban planning that can help to reach energy saving and Sustainable Energy Planning.

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Salameh Azimi

Papers

Effect of Mercury Pollution on the Urban Environment and Human Health

Introducing and Implementation of Pocket Parks in Iranian Parks by Using AHP Model (Case Study: Andisheh Park in Qazvin City, Iran)

Evaluating the Succeeded Rate of Reviving Identity Plans of Lost Spaces Using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (The Center of Akhoond District)

Examining the Effective Rate of Environmental Qualities on the Security of Citizens in Urban Designs Using AHP Model (Sepah and Molavi Districts in Qazvin City of Iran)

Energy Saving Policy and Integrated Urban Planning for the Future