Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides have aroused extensive attention because of their potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, the comprehensive comparison of identified marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides is still inaccessible, which would facilitate the discovery of more efficient antioxidants from marine organisms. Thus, this review summarizes the sources, chemical composition, structural characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of marine antioxidant polysaccharides, as well as their protective in vivo effects mediated by antioxidative stress reported in the last few years (2013–2019), and especially highlights the dominant role of marine algae as antioxidant polysaccharide source. In addition, the relationships between the chemical composition and structural characteristics of marine antioxidant polysaccharides with their antioxidant capacity were also discussed. The antioxidant activity was found to be determined by multiple factors, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulfate position and its degree.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/17/12/674/pdf

The Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Organisms: An Overview.

Of ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

Many microorganisms are able to synthesize polysaccharides and then secrete them into the external environment; these compounds are known as exopolysaccharides (EPS). The EPS are produced for various purposes including protection, adhesion, biofilm formation, and as a nutrient source. These polymers can be produced by microbes such as archaea, bacteria, and fungi. On an industrial scale, it is beneficial to use microbes because they can be cultivated using controlled conditions and produce a large quantity of EPS within short periods. Fermentation techniques, therefore, are important strategies that are used to improve product yield and productivity. These techniques can be done using submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. In addition, the application of optimization techniques are able to be used to obtain the maximum yield of microbial EPS. Some EPS (called bioactive EPS) derived from microbes show bioactivities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. There are many factors influencing their bioactivities including their structure, molecular weight, functional groups, and monosaccharide compositions. Moreover, there are many reports where various methods have been used to modify microbial EPS to improve their bioactivities. The modification methods include biological, physical, chemical, and biomolecular modifications. Additionally, immunomodulatory EPS have been extensively studied. The immune stimulating activities of EPS have been investigated both in vitro and in vivo, and some reports have suggested possible pathways for activating the immune response. This review will focus on resources, fermentation, modification, and bioactivities of EPS, and review possible mechanisms of microbial EPS stimulating immune responses.

Microbial exopolysaccharides for immune enhancement: Fermentation, modifications and bioactivities

Objectives
Cordia (family Boraginaceae) is a genus of deciduous flowering trees or shrubs comprising more than 300 species distributed widely in the tropical regions. The aim of this review was to provide exhaustive scientific information on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the 36 important species with medicinal value from the genus Cordia, to divulge prospects for further research on its therapeutic potential.

Key findings
Leaves, fruit, bark and seed of a majority of the species were found to possess abundant ethnomedicinal value, but leaves were found to be used most frequently to treat many ailments such as respiratory disorders, stomach pain, wound, inflammation, myalgia, cough, dysentery and diarrhoea. The phytochemical investigation of 36 species resulted in isolation of 293 chemical constituents from various chemical classes. The crude extracts, fractions, essential oils and pure compounds isolated from various Cordia species were reported to have a varied range of pharmacological activities.

Summary
Many of the traditional uses of the genus Cordia were supported by the results obtained from pharmacological studies performed using various extracts or pure compounds. More attention should be given to the biological evaluation using pure phytochemicals and to identify the mechanism of actions and exploring this genus for new drug discovery.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jphp.12715

Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the medicinal species of the genus Cordia (Boraginaceae).

Production, characterization and biological activities of acidic exopolysaccharide from marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 3MS 2017.

The hypolipidemic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. stem on hyperlipidemic Wister Albino rats

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Hyperlipidemia increases the incidence of myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. This study evaluated the potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant action of the aqueous extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma (“CDNP extract”). In vivo studies were performed for 10 weeks on dietary hyperlipidemic and healthy Wistar albino rat models that received two dose levels of the CDNP extract (0.50 and 1.00 g/kg body weight). Serum lipid profiles were determined for the experimental animals. Dietary hyperlipidemic rats were characterized by an elevated lipid profile compared to the healthy control, i.e., increased levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), although the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was reduced. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly higher in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats than in the normal healthy ones, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower. Force-feeding hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats with the CDNP extract at two doses decreased TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG to normal levels. The risk ratio, which was as high as 870 % for the hyperlipidemic rats was decreased by the treatment to levels close to that calculated for the healthy control rats. Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were very low in the hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats but increased significantly when CDNP extract was adminstered, attaining similar HDL-C levels to those of healthy control rats. Treatment with the CDNP extract also improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes (GR, GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT) in hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats. Thus, the CDNP extract improves the lipid metabolism of healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats and can be employed in the management of dietary hyperlipidemia.

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma in healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats

Antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of Cordia dichotoma fruits accompanied with its volatile and sugar composition

The fruits of Cordia dichotoma Forst., family Boraginaceae are used traditionally as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, aphrodisiac and anthelmintic. Cordia dichotoma Forst. pulp (CDP) were obtained after separation of seeds and dried at 40°C. Pulp powder contained 81.06% moisture (wet weight)), 8.86 % protein, 7.93% crude ash, 0.57% crude lipid, 10.17% crude fiber and 72.47% total carbohydrates (dry weight). The major hydrocarbon, sterol and fatty acids were eicosane-C20; 27.34%, beta-sitosterol; 7.82% and oleic acid; 46.88%. Phytochemical screening of dried pulp indicated the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, sterols, mucilage and coumarins. The results indicated that, dried pulp contained polyphenolics 2.64 g gallic/100 g, flavonoids 1.42 g quercetin/100 g, tannins 0.45g catechin/100 g and mucilage 10.74 g/100 g. IC of CDP powder, ethanolic and petroleum ether extract were 67.70, 40.05 and 50

Samah A El-Newary

Papers

Production, characterization and biological activities of acidic exopolysaccharide from marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 3MS 2017.

The hypolipidemic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. stem on hyperlipidemic Wister Albino rats

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma in healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats

Antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of Cordia dichotoma fruits accompanied with its volatile and sugar composition

Hypolipidemic effect of Cordia dichotoma Forst. pulp in high-fat diet-fed rats.