Home automation systems have attracted considerable attention with the advancement of communications technology. A smart home (SH) is an Internet of Things (IoT) application that utilizes the Internet to monitor and control appliances using a home automation system. Lack of IoT technology usage, unfriendly user interface, limited wireless transmission range, and high costs are the limitations of existing home automation systems. Therefore, this study presents a cost-effective and hybrid (local and remote) IoT-based home automation system with a user-friendly interface for smartphones and laptops. A prototype called IoT@HoMe is developed with an algorithm to enable the monitoring of home conditions and automate the control of home appliances over the Internet anytime and anywhere. This system utilizes a node microcontroller unit (NodeMCU) as a Wi-Fi-based gateway to connect different sensors and updates their data to Adafruit IO cloud server. The collected data from several sensors (radio-frequency identification, ultrasonic, temperature, humidity, gas, and motion sensors) can be accessed via If This Then That (IFTTT) on users' devices (smartphones and/or laptops) over the Internet regardless of their location. A set of relays is used to connect the NodeMCU to homes under controlled appliances. The designed system is structured in a portable manner as a control box that can be attached for monitoring and controlling a real house. The proposed IoT-based system for home automation can easily and efficiently control appliances over the Internet and support home safety with autonomous operation. IoT@HoMe is a low cost and reliable automation system that reduces energy consumption and can notably provide convenience, safety, and security for SH residents.

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Design and Fabrication of Smart Home With Internet of Things Enabled Automation System

The current number of working mothers has greatly increased. Subsequently, baby care has become a daily challenge for many families. Thus, most parents send their babies to their grandparents' house or to baby care houses. However, the parents cannot continuously monitor their babies' conditions either in normal or abnormal situations. Therefore, an Internet of Things-based Baby Monitoring System (IoT-BBMS) is proposed as an efficient and low-cost IoT-based system for monitoring in real time. We also proposed a new algorithm for our system that plays a key role in providing better baby care while parents are away. In the designed system, Node Micro-Controller Unit (NodeMCU) Controller Board is exploited to gather the data read by the sensors and uploaded via Wi-Fi to the AdaFruit MQTT server. The proposed system exploits sensors to monitor the baby's vital parameters, such as ambient temperature, moisture, and crying. A prototype of the proposed baby cradle has been designed using Nx Siemens software, and a red meranti wood is used as the material for the cradle. The system architecture consists of a baby cradle that will automatically swing using a motor when the baby cries. Parents can also monitor their babies' condition through an external web camera and switch on the lullaby toy located on the baby cradle remotely via the MQTT server to entertain the baby. The proposed system prototype is fabricated and tested to prove its effectiveness in terms of cost and simplicity and to ensure safe operation to enable the baby-parenting anywhere and anytime through the network. Finally, the baby monitoring system is proven to work effectively in monitoring the baby's situation and surrounding conditions according to the prototype.

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IoT-BBMS: Internet of Things-Based Baby Monitoring System for Smart Cradle

Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information & communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.

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Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

The advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) provide several chances to develop a variety of innovations supporting smart home users in several industries including healthcare, energy management, etc. Ubiquitous support by intelligent appliances at modern homes, which constantly work to gather information can help us to solve everyday issues. In this article, we present a comparative study of recent advances in smart home development. The study aims to present the main trends in this field. During the analysis of the research reports and patents, we identify the propositions that constitute the main research streams. Through extensive analysis, we provide an outlook on the wide spectrum of the proposed solutions. We also analyze the main market to present which publishers are leading with the innovative science in this field. We also show the leaders of science and technology in the World. Finally, we define the ratio of the developments and outline the next stage of the development in the smart home industry.

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Smart Homes: How Much Will They Support Us? A Research on Recent Trends and Advances

Smart home safety and security systems have gained much importance over the last few years owing to their notable impact in reducing and preventing losses in resources and human life caused by unwanted situations that could occur while homeowners are far away from their homes. To date, there is a lack of an in-depth literature analysis that could help researchers and developers better understand these systems and their applications in different contexts. It is therefore crucial that research evidence published in this area is presented. In this study, 63 research papers that examined smart home safety and security systems using the Arduino platform from popular literature databases were thoroughly surveyed to extract useful data. Then, the extracted data were analyzed to answer many research questions concerning state-of-the-art applications of these systems, their architectures, their enabling technologies, their components, etc. In addition, several challenges that these systems currently face and how future research could enable better implementation and use of these systems were discussed.

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Systematic Survey on Smart Home Safety and Security Systems Using the Arduino Platform

Home Automation System (HAS) gains popularity due to communication technology advancement. Smart home is one of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications that facilitates the control of home appliances over the Internet using automation system. This paper proposes a low-cost Wi-Fi based automation system for Smart Home (SH) in order to monitor and control home appliances remotely using Android-based application. An Arduino Mega microcontroller provided with Wi-Fi module is utilized to build the automation system. In addition, several sensors are used to monitor the temperature, humidity and motion in home. A relay board is exploited to connect the HAS with home under controlled appliances. The proposed automation system, can easily and efficiently control the electrical appliances via Wi-Fi and Virtuino mobile application.

Samiah K. Mahayadin

Papers

Design and Implementation of IoT-Based Automation System for Smart Home