Deadly pathogens and parasites are transmitted by vectors and the mosquito is considered the most threatening vector in public health, transmitting these pathogens to humans and animals. We are currently witnessing the emergence/resurgence in new regions/populations of the most important mosquito-borne diseases, such as arboviruses and malaria. This resurgence may be the consequence of numerous complex parameters, but the major cause remains the mismanagement of insecticide use and the emergence of resistance. Biological control programmes have rendered promising results but several highly effective techniques, such as genetic manipulation, remain insufficiently considered as a control mechanism. Currently, new strategies based on attractive toxic sugar baits and new agents, such as Wolbachia and Asaia, are being intensively studied for potential use as alternatives to chemicals. Research into new insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators, and repellent compounds is pressing, and the improvement of biological strategies may provide key solutions to prevent outbreaks, decrease the danger to at-risk populations, and mitigate resistance.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/4/310/pdf

Mosquito-Borne Diseases Emergence/Resurgence and How to Effectively Control It Biologically.

Human health and animal health are closely intertwined. We share hundreds of diseases with animals, and they are vectors for many diseases that assail humans—but, at the same time, they are essential to many treatments and cures. We discuss in this chapter various aspects of intimate relationship between human and animal health, giving examples of the importance of multidisciplinary studies in understanding these connections and the fundamental aspects of strategies for promoting the health and well-being of both groups.

Animals and Human Health: Where Do They Meet?

Background Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Moreover, the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs is a major problem in controlling the disease. This makes the development of novel antimalarial drugs a necessity. Medicinal plants are important sources in discovering antimalarial drugs. Schinus molle is claimed for its antimalarial effect in Ethiopian folkloric medicine and endowed with in vitro antiplasmodial activity. In the present study, the in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant was investigated. Methods Acute toxicity was carried out using a standard procedure. To screen the in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant was investigated. S. molle against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA), a 4-day suppressive test was employed. The extracts and fractions were given to infected mice by oral gavage at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for four consecutive days. Parameters such as parasitemia were then evaluated. Results Any sign of toxicity was not observed in the oral acute toxicity test. The crude extracts and solvent fractions exerted a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of parasite load compared to the negative control. The highest inhibition (66.91%) was exhibited by the 400 mg/kg/day dose of 80% methanolic crude extract. Among the fractions, chloroform fraction demonstrated maximal chemosuppressive effect (55.60%). Moreover, crude extracts and solvent fractions prevented body weight loss, reduction in temperature, and anemia compared to the negative control. Except the aqueous fraction, the tested plant extracts were able to significantly prolong the survival time of infected mice. Conclusion The findings of the present study confirmed the safety and a promising in vivo antimalarial activity of S. molle, thus supporting the traditional claim and in vitro efficacy. In-depth investigations on the plant, however, are highly recommended.in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant was investigated. S. molle against in vitro antiplasmodial activity. In the present study, the.

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Antimalarial Activity of Aqueous and 80% Methanol Crude Seed Extracts and Solvent Fractions of Schinus molle Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the repellent efficacy for mosquitoes (Anophelex spp) of three doses of neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in pigs under field conditions. The research was carried out at a time of year of abundance of mosquitoes in Tumbes, Peru. Forty recently weaned piglets were used, 10 per treatment, kept in indoor cages protected against mosquitoes. For the field test, four piglets per day were exposed randomly in external cages without protection to the mosquito (a different animal for each treatment per day) for 14 days over a period of two months. Neem oil was extracted with the soxhlet apparatus and the formula included 30% glycerin, 1, 2 or 3% neem oil (T1, T2, T3, respectively), and taken to 100% with pharmaceutical alcohol. A dose of 50 ml/piglet distributed throughout the body was applied. The bites and the number of mosquitoes were evaluated on four occasions of 15 minutes for three hours per day (06:15, 07:00, 07:45, 08:30) with intervals of 30 minutes of protection to the piglets. The mosquitoes biting the piglets (red abdomen) were collected using manual vacuum cleaners. The neem oil yield was 43.25 ± 1.28%. The percentage of repellency was 88.74 ± 6.15, 75.66 ± 11.08 and 52.27 ± 12.83% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (p<0.05). The percentage of protection (repellent efficiency) was 93.92 ± 11.19, 85.71 ± 7.54 and 67.78 ± 3.66% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (p<0.05). The average number of mosquitos in the control group, T0 (without repellent dose) was 365.54 ± 646.82 bites/day, being different (p<0.05) to the treated groups T1, T2 and T3 (49.98 ± 89.11; 113.82 ± 299.95; 19.52 ± 34.41 bites/day, respectively, and without significant difference between the treated groups. The Repellency Index (IR) for T1, T2 and T3 was 0.47, 0.24 and 0.10, respectively, which shows that the dose used in T3 showed a higher level of repellency and efficacy against mosquitoes.

Repellent effect of neem oil (Azadirachta indica a. Juss) against mosquitoes (Anophelex spp) in piglets.

Comparison of temperate and tropical versions of Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) index for assessing water quality of River Aturukuku in Eastern Uganda

This research is conducted in the University of Gujrat Pakistan. The main objectives of the research were to find best way of mosquito management, to describe different methods of mosquito control, different plants extracts that are used against mosquito and to compare either chemical or botanical control is best. In term of disease transmission and public health importance mosquito are considered as very important group of insects. Population of mosquito’s increases exponentially that is huge problem for many countries because mosquito spread the filarial, encephalitis, malaria, Yellow fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, Lyme disease and epidemic poly-arthritis. Different types of mosquito repellents such as synthetic compounds, aromatic oils and herbs are used against mosquitoes. Chemical mosquito repellents have an extraordinary protection profile, but they are noxious as compare to the plant based repellents.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue5/PartB/4-4-92-178.pdf

Mosquito management: A review

An analysis of the environmental impacts of ethnic diversity, financial development, economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption: fresh evidence from less-developed countries

Blowfly maggots (Diptera: Calliphoridae): greenbottle blowflies (Lucilia illustris; Meigen, L. sericata; Meigen) and blackbottle blowfly (Phormia regina; Meigen) used in maggot therapy. Necrotic wounds that are complicated and resistant to conventional treatment are treated with maggot therapy due to its effectiveness and environmental friendly nature. It is used for the treatment of traumatic wounds such as pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, neurovascular and vascular ulcers, osteomyelitis, postsurgical wound infections, and burns. Recently, maggots are produced and distributed especially and supplied to hospitals as a medical device using in medicine. There is still little research on the effectiveness of maggot therapy in comparison to other conventional treatments. We should recommend maggots therapy in hospitals due to cost effective and rapid debridement of dead tissue.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue5/PartA/4-4-63-405.pdf

Therapeutic applications of blowfly maggots: A review

From all the described species of biodiversity, 6% belongs to fresh water and has great importance as source of food, building material, preventing flood and erosion. It contributes to economic productivity, and treasury to genetic material. On Earth, freshwater is the most transformed and threatened ecosystem due to many threats. Water pollution is one of them, which include both point and non-point sources by human activities. Water pollution causes many haphazards, so protection of freshwater biodiversity from this is the ultimate challenge.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartH/4-3-212-734.pdf

Water Pollution-A Menace of Freshwater Biodiversity: A Review

The present study was carried out to explore fish fauna of River Kunhar at Rara site, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from March, 2013 to February, 2017. Collection of fish fauna was done with the help of local fisherman and various fish gears. All the collected fish specimens were identified with the help of fish identification keys. The identified fish species comprising2 Orders, 3 Families, 5 Genera’s and 7 Species. In the current survey Cyprinidae was the largest Family which was represented by 4 Species; Nemacheilidae and Sisoridae were represented by only one species each respectively. From the current survey, it can be concluded that River Kunhar at Rara site inhabits very rich ichthyofauna.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue4/PartQ/5-3-302-231.pdf

Sana Naseem

Papers

Mosquito management: A review

An analysis of the environmental impacts of ethnic diversity, financial development, economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption: fresh evidence from less-developed countries

Therapeutic applications of blowfly maggots: A review

Water Pollution-A Menace of Freshwater Biodiversity: A Review

Studies on fish fauna of River Kunhar at Rara site Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan