Nutrient inputs to soil can alter mineralization of organic matter and subsequently affect soil carbon levels. To understand how elemental interactions affect the biogeochemistry and storage of soil C, we examined soils receiving long-term applications of mineral fertilizer and manure-containing fertilizers. As cellulose is the dominant form of carbon entering arable soils, cellulolytic communities were monitored through enzymatic analysis, and characterization of the abundance (real-time PCR) and diversity (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, T-RFLP) of fungal cellobiohydrolases ( cbhI ) genes. The data showed that long-term mineral fertilization increased soil organic C and crop productivity, and reduced soil heterotrophic respiration and cellobiohydrolases (CBH) activity. Correspondingly, the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi were substantially altered. The variation in cellulolytic fungi is mainly attributable to shifts in the proportion of Eurotiomycetes. In addition, CBH activity was significantly correlated with the diversity and community structure of cellulolytic fungi. These results suggest that enhanced C storage by mineral fertilizer addition occurs not only from extra organic carbon input, but may also be affected through the cellulose decomposing community in arable soil.

Mineral fertilizer alters cellulolytic community structure and suppresses soil cellobiohydrolase activity in a long-term fertilization experiment

Influence of temperature and water activity on the antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum to Verticillium and Rhizoctonia

Delia radicum L. or cabbage maggot is an important pest for Brassicaceous crops. There are currently no registered chemical control agents for its control in Slovenia. Fungal control agents for cabbage maggot were therefore sought among nine rhizosphere-compatible and plant growth-promoting, soil-adapted, and entomopathogenic species to cabbage maggots and were assayed in in vitro and soil laboratory bioassays. In the in vitro tests, the conidial suspensions were applied directly to cabbage maggot eggs. The soil tests mimicked pathways of natural exposure of various insect life stages to the fungal strains. Conidial concentrations used in soil tests were comparable to economic rates for in-furrow application. The following fungi were tested: Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst. (2 isolates), Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suarez & H.C. Evans (1), Trichoderma gamsii Samuels & Druzhin. (3), Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch (1), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (2), Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch., Rehner & Humber (1), Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (4), Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2), and Clonostachys solani f. nigrovirens (J.F.H. Beyma) Schroers (2). Abbott's corrected mortality in the in vitro tests ranged from 0.0 +/- 18.9 to 47.6 +/- 9.0% and in the soil test from 2.4 +/- 13.0 to 68.2 +/- 21.5%. Seven isolates (B. bassiana [isolate 1174], C. solani [1828], M. anisopliae [1154 and 1868], T. atroviride [1872], T. koningiopsis [1874], and T. gamsii [1876]) caused significant cabbage maggot mortality in either in vitro or soil tests. The importance of fungal ecology as a criterion during the screening of potential biological control agents is discussed.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Economic-Entomology/volume-107/issue-4/EC14004/Evaluation-of-Insect-Associated-and-Plant-Growth-Promoting-Fungi-in/10.1603/EC14004.pdf

Evaluation of insect associated and plant growth promoting fungi in the control of cabbage root flies.

Several species of the family Culicidae are important vectors of diseases in humans and other animals. Immature stages are filter-feeders of organic particulate matter and microorganisms. Studies on microbial diversity can contribute to the discovery of new substances that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for food or for biological control. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the fungi associated with Culicidae larvae found in different habitats (natural and artificial), such as fruit shells, rock holes, lakes, aquatic plants, palm bracts and ceramic pots, in several municipalities of Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the states of Amazonas and Rondonia. A total of 38 fungal lineages were isolated from larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz), Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani), Anopheles argyritarsis argyritarsis Robineau-Desvoidy, Anopheles darlingi Root, Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribalzaga), Mansonia titillans (Walker) and Uranotaenia sp. The following fungi occurred associated with the larvae of Culicidae: Acremonium kiliense, Aspergillus sydowii, Fusarium sacchari var. sacchari, Fusarium merismoides var. merismoides, Gliocladium viride, Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sclerotiorum, Penicillium melinii and Penicillium oxalicum. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of the lineages are presented, as well as information on their geographical distribution.

/pdf/filamentous-fungi-associated-with-mosquito-larvae-diptera-pjfdm7agdm.pdf

Filamentous fungi associated with mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fungo anamorfo, inseto aquatico, microrganismo, Amazonas, Rondonia ABSTRACT - Several species of the family Culicidae are important vectors of diseases in humans and other animals. Immature stages are fi lter-feeders of organic particulate matter and microorganisms. Studies on microbial diversity can contribute to the discovery of new substances that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for food or for biological control. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the fungi associated with Culicidae larvae found in different habitats (natural and artifi cial), such as fruit shells, rock holes, lakes, aquatic plants, palm bracts and ceramic pots, in several municipalities of Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the states of Amazonas and Rondonia. A total of 38 fungal lineages were isolated from larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes fl uviatilis (Lutz), Trichoprosopon digitatum (Rondani), Anopheles argyritarsis argyritarsis Robineau-Desvoidy, Anopheles darlingi Root, Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribalzaga), Mansonia titillans (Walker) and Uranotaenia sp. The following fungi occurred associated with the larvae of Culicidae: Acremonium kiliense, Aspergillus sydowii, Fusarium sacchari var. sacchari, Fusarium merismoides var. merismoides, Gliocladium viride, Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sclerotiorum, Penicillium melinii and Penicillium oxalicum. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of the lineages are presented, as well as information on their geographical distribution.

/pdf/ecology-behavior-and-bionomics-filamentous-fungi-associated-aig7cjsakz.pdf

ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS Filamentous Fungi Associated with Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon

The antibiotic activity of 70 isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria and Trichoderma was tested as preliminary screening. The highest activity was obtained with three Penicillium oxalicum isolates, one Penicillium decumbens isolate and the Trichoderma harzianum isolate. After that, we chose these five isolates in order to carry out other studies with bacteria, fungi and insects. Extracts from these isolates were obtained. The extracts were tested for antibiotic activity with positive results, which implies that metabolite production is involved in this antagonistic effect. The highest activity was shown by T. harzianum and P. oxalicum extracts, but there was high variability among P. oxalicum isolates.

Antagonistic activity of Penicillium oxalicum Corrie and Thom, Penicillium decumbens Thom and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolates against fungi, bacteria and insects in vitro.

Sanchis

Papers

Antagonistic activity of Penicillium oxalicum Corrie and Thom, Penicillium decumbens Thom and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolates against fungi, bacteria and insects in vitro.