Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials – Tenth Edition Richard J. Lewis Sr. (Ed.) John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 2000: 4000pp, £352.00 (Hbk), ISBN 0-471-35407-4: £385.00 (CD-ROM), ISBN 0-471-35406-6.

Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review

This Article reports on the influence of light irradiation on the stability of emulsions prepared using a photoresponsive gemini surfactant (C7-azo-C7) having an azobenzene skeleton as a spacer. When mixtures of trans C7-azo-C7 aqueous solution and n-octane are homogenized, stable emulsions are obtained in a specific region of weight fraction and surfactant concentration. Fluorescence microscopy observations using a small amount of fluorescent probes show that the stable emulsions are oil-in-water (O/W)-type. UV irradiation of stable O/W emulsions promotes the cis isomerization of trans C7-azo-C7 and leads to the coalescence of the oil (octane) droplets in the emulsions, that is, demulsification. While the equilibrated interfacial tension (IFT) between aqueous trans C7-azo-C7 solution and octane is almost the same as that between aqueous cis C7-azo-C7 and octane, the occupied area per molecule for C7-azo-C7 at octane/water interface decreases with the cis photoisomerization of trans isomer. Dynamic IFT me...

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Photoinduced demulsification of emulsions using a photoresponsive gemini surfactant.

This study aims to experimentally and theoretically examine the nature and energy of intermolecular bond interactions between thiourea and water molecules using natural bond orbital (NBO), non-linear optical (NLO), atoms in molecules (AIM), and reduced density gradient (RDG) analyses based on the quantum chemical approach and spectroscopic analysis on X-ray and FTIR. Geometry optimizations of Thio-(H2O)1–5 complexes were carried out in the gas phase by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of density functional theory. The nature of the molecular interactions between the water and thiourea through hydrogen bonding has been investigated using RDG and AIM methods. NBO analysis shows that the Thio-(H2O)5 complex has higher stabilization energy values than the other complexes. The non-linear optical properties, such as dipole moment (μ), the polarizability (α0), and the first hyperpolarizability (βtot), and thermodynamic functions, such as entropy (S), specific heat capacity (Cv), and thermal energy (E), were calculated using the same method. It was observed that thermodynamic parameters, polarizability, and the first hyperpolarizability increased with the number of water molecules. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that thiourea is single crystal, and the thiourea/water complexes are crystalline in nature. Besides, the infrared spectrum shows the existence of water molecules and it is used to get details of the structure of the complex.

Intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions in the thiourea/water complexes (Thio-(H2O)n) (n = 1, …, 5): X-ray, DFT, NBO, AIM, and RDG analyses

Glutathione Hepatotoxicity Methimazole Mice N-acetylcysteine Purpose: Methimazole is the most convenient drug used in the management of hyperthyroid patients. However, associated with its clinical use is hepatotoxicity as a life threatening adverse effect. The exact mechanism of methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity is still far from clear and no protective agent has been developed for this toxicity. Methods: This study attempts to evaluate the hepatotoxicity induced by methimazole at different experimental conditions in a mice model. Methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in different situations such as enzyme-induced and/or glutathione-depleted animals. Results: Methimazole (100 mg/kg, i.p) administration caused hepatotoxicity as revealed by increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity as well as pathological changes of the liver. Furthermore, a significant reduction in hepatic glutathione content and an elevation in lipid peroxidation were observed in methimazole-treated mice. Combined administration of L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), as a glutathione depletory agent, caused a dramatic change in methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity characterized by hepatic necrosis and a severe elevation of serum ALT activity. Enzyme induction using phenobarbital and/or β-naphtoflavone beforehand, deteriorated methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. N-acetyl cysteine (300 mg/kg, i.p) administration effectively alleviated hepatotoxic effects of methimazole in both glutathione-depleted and/or enzyme-induced animals. Conclusion: The severe hepatotoxic effects of methimazole in glutathione-depleted animals, reveals the crucial role of glutathione as a cellular defense mechanism against methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the more hepatotoxic properties of methimazole in enzyme-induced mice, indicates the role of reactive intermediates in the hepatotoxicity induced by this drug. The protective effects of N-acetylcysteine could be attributed to its radical/reactive metabolite scavenging, and/or antioxidant properties as well as glutathione replenishment activities.

https://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/PDF/APB/Manuscript/APB-4-18.pdf

Effects of Enzyme Induction and/or Glutathione Depletion on Methimazole-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice and the Protective Role of N-Acetylcysteine

Selective oxidation of arylaldoximes by cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate to arylaldehydes and arylnitriles

The phase diagrams of pseudoternary mixtures of Tween80–butanol–kerosene–water system were constructed by visual titration. The major three domains, i.e., oil in water, bicontinuous, and water in o...

Sandhyamayee Sahu

Papers

Oxidation of thiourea and substituted thioureas: a review

Selective oxidation of arylaldoximes by cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate to arylaldehydes and arylnitriles

Temperature Induced Emulsification and Demulsification of Pseudoternary Mixtures of Tween80–Butanol–Kerosene–Water System

Oxidation of Arylthiourea by Cetyltrimethylammonium Dichromate

Oxidation of Thiourea and Substituted Thioureas