The significance of the Roman law in the development of the property institute, within the Law of Things, is enormous. During the long Roman history there were various forms of property, from social, public, to private. Each of these forms of ownership enjoyed a special legal protection. As the Roman society was divided into Roman citizens and those who were not, their legal property ownership permissions diﬀered from one another. That is why there were a large number of lawsuits that in diﬀerent ways protected the property of the owners of things, that is, those who, in a conscientious manner, came into possession of such things. The significance of the Roman law for modern continental legal systems based on Roman institutes, including our own, is immeasurable. Regardless of the time distance of several centuries, the solutions of Roman jurists are still current and have a practical application especially in the field of Law of Things and Law of Contract.

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The concept of property in roman law

THE legal institutes of the ancient Rome, particularly those referring to the Law of Things and Law of Contract, have had a great inﬂuence on the solutions which are nowadays still used. Up to this very day, there have been preserved some institutes of Roman law such as: the protection of property, the divisions of things, the right to the property, the right of servitude and the classification of contracts. IN Roman law, in a group of real rights to someone else`s property (jus in re alien), there were, among the others, included the pledge rights. The pledge right is the right of security. Among the pledge rights, the Romans included fiducia, pignus and mortgage.

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Pledge law in roman law

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Intestate heir law according to the law of the twelve tables

Wine is not just a product of modern times. Wine, one of the oldest drinks in the world, was sold and inherited by ancient civilizations. Its importance is indicated by the regulation of wine in the Codes of ancient Mesopotamia and Roman law. Today, this agri-food product is sold on both the domestic and foreign markets, and it is indisputable that the production and sale of this product must be legally regulated. The authors of this paper, by analyzing the legal provisions of Roman law, the Law on Wine and the Criminal Code of Republic of Serbia, point out the importance of the existence and expansion of legal provisions related to wine and its producers and precise criminal law provisions in case of sale of wine produced contrary to legal regulations and contrary to the health of people who consumed the same. The stated purpose of the paper, in order to draw a conclusion about the importance of specifying legal provisions, was achieved by presenting the historical and positive legal regulation, using the historical method and comparative analysis.

Wine as agricultural and food product: A historical and comparative legal approach

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The purchase contract in Roman law

The service contract has been existing since Roman law. It originates from the locatio operis conductio contracts. It was the contract by which one party a conductor - was obliged to perform a specific job, such as a shoe making, wine transportation, etc., and the other party, a locator was obliged to pay the specified fee. It is very interesting that in Roman law a clear distinction was made between ordinary activities and those required a special education. In fact, in Roman law, jobs demanded a greater knowledge, usually possessed by highly educated people (teachers, lawyers), were not the subject of locatio operis condutio but mandatum which was considered to be a free contract. This paper will examine the origin of the service contract in Roman law, because it represents a basis and foundation of today's European legal system, and in addition, it is the most developed and comprehensive legal system of the ancient times.

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The service contract in Roman law

Introduction: The aim of the research was to define the reasons for the hospitalization of patients after the completion of outpatient/inpatient treatment of Covid-19 infection. Material and methods: the study was conducted as a prospective cohort study and included 248 patients who met the criteria over a period of one year. Results: There were 156 men. The average age of the patients was 62 (SD=12.5). Most were unvaccinated (72%/178 patients). The most common comorbidities were arterial hypertension (60% / 148 patients), followed by other cardiovascular diseases (25%/ 61 patients), diabetes (23% / 56 patients). The average length of hospitalization was 11 days (SD=7.77). Vaccinated had a statistically significantly lower number of hospital days compared to unvaccinated (p&lt;0,0001). The first diagnosis on discharge was pneumonia (36% / 89 patients), then newly diagnosed malignant lung tumors (18% / 45), pulmonary thromboembolism-PTE (17% / 43), pneumothorax (8% / 19), exacerbation of COPD/asthma (7% / 18), benign chest tumors (5% / 12), lung fibrosis (3% / 8). Respiratory failure was verified in 34% (84) patients. In 1% (25) of patients died. In 95% (235/248) of patients, elevated values of D dimer were registered. There is a statistically significant correlation between the number of days of hospitalization and the time elapsed since infection (p&lt;0,0001). Conclusion: Most post-Covid hospitalizations occurred in the first 3 months after Covid-19 infection, due to pneumonia, PTE, or lung tumors. Vaccinated had fewer hospitalizations and fewer hospital days. D-dimer could be a prognostic marker of recovery.

Reasons for post-covid hospitalization- one year experience from Serbia

Codification represents the regulation of a certain field (branch) of law by a comprehensive law called the Code (the Civil Code, Criminal Code, etc.). The success of codification depends on two very important conditions: the first one refers to the existence of a dedicated authority, and the second one concerns its implementation in a great country. For the purpose of research, there will be selected the national legislations in order to demonstrate, through various legal systems, how civil codes regulating the field of civil law were originated. Within the scope of this paper, in more detail, we are going to analyze the selected national legislations of France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.

Sanja Maksimovic

Papers

The purchase contract in Roman law

Pledge law in roman law

The service contract in Roman law

Reasons for post-covid hospitalization- one year experience from Serbia

The origin of the civil law codification in Europe