The textile sector is 14% of total industrial production in India and contributes to about 4% of the gross domestic product and earns about 27% of India's total foreign exchange. Worldwide, up to 1...

Biological methods for textile dye removal from wastewater: A review

Tannins are a heterogeneous group of high MW, water-soluble, polyphenolic compounds, naturally present in cereals, leguminous seeds and, predominantly, in many fruits and vegetables, where they provide protection against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors. Tannins exert several pharmacological effects, including antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity as well as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-nutritional and cardio-protective properties. They also seem to exert beneficial effects on metabolic disorders and prevent the onset of several oxidative stress-related diseases. Although the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic data for these phytochemicals are still sparse, gut absorption of these compounds seems to be inversely correlated with the degree of polymerization. Further studies are mandatory to better clarify how these molecules and their metabolites are able to cross the intestinal barrier in order to exert their biological properties. This review summarizes the current literature on tannins, focusing on the main, recently proposed mechanisms of action that underlie their pharmacological and disease-prevention properties, as well as their bioavailability, safety and toxicology.

Linked Articles
This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bph.13630

Proanthocyanidins and hydrolysable tannins: occurrence, dietary intake and pharmacological effects

Among natural substances widespread in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants, flavonoids and organic acids belong to the promising groups of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 13 common flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, flavanones) and 6 organic acids (aliphatic and aromatic acids). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of selected plant substances were determined by the micro-dilution method using clinical strains of four species of pathogenic bacteria. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial properties, but their biological activity was moderate or relatively low. Bacterial growth was most strongly inhibited by salicylic acid (MIC = 250–500 μg/mL). These compounds were generally more active against Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Gram-positive ones: Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. An analysis of the antibacterial effect of flavone, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin showed that the presence of hydroxyl groups in the phenyl rings A and B usually did not influence on the level of their activity. A significant increase in the activity of the hydroxy derivatives of flavone was observed only for S. aureus. Similarly, the presence and position of the sugar group in the flavone glycosides generally had no effect on the MIC values.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/109/pdf

Antibacterial Activity of Some Flavonoids and Organic Acids Widely Distributed in Plants.

The acute inflammatory response results in a widespread and complex cascade of cytokine and lymphokine production (interleukins, interferons, eicosanoids etc). “Acute phase proteins” (APP) is the collective term for proteins which are synthesised and released from the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. These proteins include fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, caeruloplasmin, C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and several others. A panel of these acute phase proteins are used in human clinical pathology, however in many veterinary laboratories fibrinogen is the only APP which is measured. The LEH Laboratory offers serum amyloid A which is frequently a more sensitive indicator of inflammation than fibrinogen alone and may be more useful in monitoring responses to infection in the first few days of disease.

Acute phase proteins

The synthesis of polymers from renewable resources is a burning issue that is actively investigated. Polyepoxide networks constitute a major class of thermosetting polymers and are extensively used as coatings, electronic materials, adhesives. Owing to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties, chemical resistance, adhesion, and minimal shrinkage after curing, they are used in structural applications as well. Most of these thermosets are industrially manufactured from bisphenol A (BPA), a substance that was initially synthesized as a chemical estrogen. The awareness on BPA toxicity combined with the limited availability and volatile cost of fossil resources and the non-recyclability of thermosets implies necessary changes in the field of epoxy networks. Thus, substitution of BPA has witnessed an increasing number of studies both from the academic and industrial sides. This review proposes to give an overview of the reported aromatic multifunctional epoxide building blocks synthesized from biomass or from molecules that could be obtained from transformed biomass. After a reminder of the main glycidylation routes and mechanisms and the recent knowledge on BPA toxicity and legal issues, this review will provide a brief description of the main natural sources of aromatic molecules. The different epoxy prepolymers will then be organized from simple, mono-aromatic di-epoxy, to mono-aromatic poly-epoxy, to di-aromatic di-epoxy compounds, and finally to derivatives possessing numerous aromatic rings and epoxy groups.

Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials

Strychnos potatorum Linn (Loganiaceae) is a moderate sized tree found in southern and central parts of India, Sri Lanka and Burma. In traditional system of medicine, Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds were used for various ailments including inflammation, diabetes etc. To investigate the folkloric use of the seeds the present study was carried out on Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rats. The present study states the effect of the aqueous extract (SPE) and the whole seed powder (SPP) of Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds on the Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritic rat paw edema, body weight changes and alterations in haematological and biochemical parameters in both developing and developed phases of arthritis. Histopathology of proximal interphalangeal joints and radiology of hind legs were studied. In FCA induced arthritic rats, there was significant increase in rat paw volume and decrease in body weight increment, whereas SPP and SPE treated groups, showed significant reduction in paw volume and normal gain in body weight. The altered haematological parameters (Hb, RBC, WBC and ESR) and biochemical parameters (blood urea, serum creatinine, total proteins and acute phase proteins) in the arthritic rats were significantly brought back to near normal by the SPP and SPE treatment at the dose of 200 mg/kg/p.o in both developing and developed phases of arthritis. Further the histopathological and radiological studies revealed the antiarthritic activity of SPP and SPE by indicating fewer abnormalities in these groups when compared to the arthritic control group. In conclusion, both SPP and SPE at the specified dose level of 200 mg/kg, p.o. showed reduction in rat paw edema volume and it could significantly normalize the haematological and biochemical abnormalities in adjuvant induced arthritic rats in both developing and developed phases of FCA induced arthritis. Further the histopathological and radiological studies confirmed the antiarthritic activity of SPP and SPE.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1472-6882-10-56.pdf

Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds in Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rat model

Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are secondary metabolites from plants, which are roughly classified into gallotannins and ellagitannins having gallic acid and ellagic acid residues respectively attached to the hydroxyl group of glucose by ester linkage. The presence of hexahydroxydiphenoyl and nonahydroxyterphenoyl moieties is considered to render antimicrobial property to HTs. HTs also show considerable synergy with antibiotics. Nevertheless, they have low pharmacokinetic property. The present review presents the scope of HTs as future antimicrobial agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scope of Hydrolysable Tannins as Possible Antimicrobial Agent.

Aim/Background: Medicinal plants have ability to resist microorganisms by synthesizing secondary metabolites such as phenols. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenylpropanoid widely distributed in plants and well known as therapeutic and cosmetic agent. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to all kinds of β-lactams, threatens even most potent antibiotics. To improve efficiency of antibiotics against multi-drug resistant bacteria and to reduce the antibiotic dose, the antibacterial activity and the synergistic effect of rosmarinic acid with standard antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA was investigated.
Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity of RA against S. aureus and clinical isolate of MRSA was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RA was determined by broth dilution method. Synergism of RA with various antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA was studied by broth checker board method and time kill kinetic assay. Effect of RA on MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Components Recognising Adhesive Matrix Molecules) of S. aureus and MRSA was studied using sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
Results: MIC of RA was found to be 0.8 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml against S. aureus and MRSA respectively. RA was synergistic with vancomycin, ofloxacin and amoxicillin against S. aureus and only with vancomycin against MRSA. The time kill analysis revealed that synergistic combinations were more effective than individual antibiotics. MSCRAMMs protein expression of S. aureus and MRSA was markedly suppressed by RA + vancomycin combination rather than RA alone. 
Conclusion: The synergistic effects of RA with antibiotics were observed against S. aureus and MRSA. RA showed inhibitory effect on the surface proteins MSCRAMMs. Even though RA was shown to exhibit synergistic effect with antibiotics, the MIC was found to be higher. Thus further studies on increasing the efficacy of RA can develop it as an adjuvant for antibiotics.

Antibacterial synergy between Rosmarinic acid and antibiotics against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Decolorisation and biodegradation efficacy of potential strains isolated from dyeing effluent collected from Tirupur region, Tamil Nadu, India were studied in remazol reactive dyes. Two potential strains Clostridium butyricum (EI05) and Clostridium acetobutylicum (EI25) identified by biochemical tests in our previous study were studied for their decolorising efficiency on various remazol reactive dyes (Remazol Blue RGB, Remazol Blue RR, Remazol Navy RGB and Remazol Orange RR). The synthetic dyes showed complete decolorization after 24–72 h by two potential strains EI05 and EI25. Clostridium acetobutylicum (EI25) was found to be the most potential strain isolated. The spectral analysis was performed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy to study biodegradation. The peak disappearance in UV spectrum, peak shifts and disappearance in FTIR spectrum of treated samples indicated biodegradation. Thus Clostridium species could able to decolorize the remazol reactive dyes.

/pdf/decolorization-and-biodegradation-of-remazol-reactive-dyes-41bh8osbvg.pdf

Decolorization and biodegradation of remazol reactive dyes by Clostridium species

The traditional herbal medicines are receiving great importance in the health care sector, especially in Indian system of medicine, i.e, Ayurveda. The present study focused on the standardization of Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC in terms of its active phytochemicals and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of N. zeylanica (ENZ). An analytical method was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of β-sitosterol, lupeol and oleanolic acid in ENZ. The cell viability of ENZ was investigated using MTT assay. IC50 value of ENZ on cell viability was found to be 653.01 µg/mL. To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of ENZ by in vitro method, LPS was added to the macrophage cells to induce activation and ENZ was further added to observe the recovery of inflamed cells. These cells when treated with ENZ, the percentage of viable cells were considerably increased to 74.68%. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential on treatment with LPS and its recovery by ENZ was studied and found that the number of cells that were damaged on treatment with ENZ + LPS was comparatively lesser than treatment with LPS only. An in vivo anti-inflammatory study was carried out in carrageenan-induced abdominal oedema method in adult zebrafish which revealed the percentage inhibition of inflammation at graded dose levels of ENZ as 23.5% at 100 mg/kg, 62.4% at 200 mg/kg and 87.05% at 350 mg/kg when compared with standard of diclofenac which showed 85% inhibition at 100 mg/kg. The PCR amplification of DNA extracted from adult zebrafish showed that increased concentration of ENZ considerably downregulates the expression of TNF-α and iNOS, the mediators of inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Naravelia zeylanica DC via suppression of inflammatory mediators in carrageenan-induced abdominal oedema in zebrafish model.

Sanmuga Priya Ekambaram

Papers

Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn seeds in Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rat model

Scope of Hydrolysable Tannins as Possible Antimicrobial Agent.

Antibacterial synergy between Rosmarinic acid and antibiotics against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Decolorization and biodegradation of remazol reactive dyes by Clostridium species

Anti-inflammatory effect of Naravelia zeylanica DC via suppression of inflammatory mediators in carrageenan-induced abdominal oedema in zebrafish model.