Transportation electrification is one of the main research areas for the past decade. Electric vehicles (EVs) are taking over the market share of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The increasing popularity of EVs results in higher number of charging stations, which have significant effects on the electricity grid. Different charging strat2egies, as well as grid integration methods, are being developed to minimize the adverse effects of EV charging and to strengthen the benefits of EV grid integration. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the current situation of the EV market, standards, charging infrastructure, and the impact of EV charging on the grid is presented. The paper introduces the current EV status, and provides a comprehensive review on important international EV charging and grid interconnection standards. Different infrastructure configurations in terms of control and communication architectures for EV charging are studied and evaluated. The electric power market is studied by considering the participation roles of EV aggregators and individual EV owners, and different optimization and game based algorithms for EV grid integration management are reviewed. The paper specially presents an evaluation on how the future EV development, such as connected vehicles, autonomous driving, and shared mobility, would affect EV grid integration as well as the development of the power grid moves toward future energy Internet and how EVs would affect and benefit the development of the future energy Internet. Finally, the challenges and suggestions for the future development of the EV charging and grid integration infrastructure are evaluated and summarized.

Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review

To combat global climate change moving towards sustainable, mobility is one of the most holistic approaches. Hence, decarbonization of the transport sector by employing electric vehicles (EVs) is currently an environmentally benign and efficient solution. The EV includes the hybrid EV (HEV), the plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV), and the battery EV (BEV). A storage system, a charging station, and power electronics are the essential components of EVs. The EV charging station is primarily powered from the grid which can be replaced by a solar photovoltaic system. Wide uptake of EVs is possible by improving the technologies, and also with support from the government. However, greenhouse gas emission (GHG) saving potential of the EV is debatable when the required power to charge the EV comes from traditional fossil fuel sources.

Possibilities and Challenges for the Inclusion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in the Transport Sector: A Review

Two-dimensional materials have gained immense attention for technological applications owing to their characteristic properties. MXene is one of the fast-growing family of 2D materials that exhibits remarkable physiochemical properties that cater numerous applications in the field of energy and storage. This review comprises the significant advancement in the field of 2D MXene and discusses the evolution of the design, synthetic strategies, and stability. In addition to illuminating the state-of-the-art applications, we discuss the challenges and limitations that preclude the scientific fraternity from realizing functional MXene with controlled structures and properties for renewable clean energy conversion and storage applications.

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Prospects challenges and stability of 2D MXenes for clean energy conversion and storage applications

With every passing second, we witness the effect of the global environmental impact of fossil fuels and carbon emissions, to which nations across the globe respond by coming up with ambitious goals to become carbon-free and energy-efficient. At the same time, electric vehicles (EVs) are developed as a possible solution to reach this ambitious goal of making a cleaner environment and facilitating smarter transportation modes. This excellent idea of shifting towards an entirely EV-based mobility industry and economy results in a range of issues that need to be addressed. The issues range from ramping up the electricity generation for the projected increase in consumption to developing an infrastructure that is large enough to support the higher demand for electricity that arises due to the market penetration of EVs. Vehicle to grid (V2G) is a concept that is largely in a testing phase in the current scenario. However, it appears to offer a solution to the issues created by a mobility sector that the constantly growing EV fleet will dominate. Furthermore, the integration of EVs with the grid seems to offer various cost-wise and environment-wise benefits while assisting the grid by tapping into the idle energy of parked EVs during peak hours. This review aims to present some of the possible ancillary service potentials of such a system while also discussing the potential challenges, impacts, and future market penetration capabilities of V2G technology.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/589/pdf?version=1642156271

Utilization of Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Progress and Perspectives

2D inorganic nanosheets as versatile building blocks for hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a promising technology that allows the batteries of idle or parked electric vehicles (EVs) to operate as distributed resources, which can store or release energy at appropriate times, resulting in a bidirectional exchange of power between the ac grid and the dc EV batteries. This bidirectional exchange of power is realized using bidirectional power electronic converters that connect the grid with the EV battery. Most research on bidirectional converters for V2G applications focuses on using two dedicated power conversion stages – a bidirectional ac-dc conversion stage that helps in power factor correction, followed by a bidirectional dc-dc conversion stage that provides voltage matching. However, a single bidirectional ac-dc conversion stage can also facilitate V2G and grid-to vehicle (G2V) active power transfers. This paper reviews and compares the various bidirectional ac-dc and dc-dc converter topologies that facilitate V2G and G2V active power flows. Moreover, the paper discusses the various classes of charger/discharger systems reported for V2G applications, like on-board/off-board, integrated/non-integrated and conductive/inductive, and a comparative statement is made based on certain proposed criteria. Further, the current trends in the application of wide band-gap devices in high power-dense V2G capable converters and integration of renewable energy sources into EV charging/discharging infrastructures have also been discussed.

Review of power electronics in vehicle-to-grid systems

A novel 2-D analytical potential model of source and drain region along with channel for a fully depleted symmetric double gate junction less transistor is presented in this paper The boundary conditions for channel potential along the channel length is taken considering source and drain region and boundary conditions for source and drain potential model are derived from channel longitudinal potential expression The potential model is validated using TCAD simulations A method for scale length determination is also presented Scale length expression is obtained from the transverse electrostatic potential expression Scale length variation with silicon layer thickness and gate oxide thickness is shown The dependence of Scale length on the dielectric constant is also shown for the three dielectrics--"$$\hbox {SiO}_2 $$SiO2", "$$\hbox {Al}_2 \hbox {O}_3 $$Al2O3" and "$$\hbox {HfO}_2 $$HfO2"

An approach for complete 2-D analytical potential modelling of fully depleted symmetric double gate junction less transistor

This paper presents technique of implementing an electronic differential system (ED) for a rear wheel driven electric vehicle (EV) using DC motors. The system uses one of the front wheel speed and angle as reference for calculation of the velocity of the other wheels. The system consists of a shaft encoder that has been used to measure the angular speed of the wheel motors. A microcontroller based control approach is implemented to provide the rotational speeds of both wheel motors according to different vehicle speeds and steering angles. The effectiveness of the control method is validated using experimental data. The preliminary result shows that the proposed system can effectively work at different turning angles during cornering.

Electronic differential for electric vehicle with single wheel reference

A method for reduction of off state leakage current in symmetric DG JLT

This paper presents a road load estimation model to be employed in eco-routing navigation systems of electric vehicles. The proposed method analyses the energy consumption over a specified driving route on the basis of road surface profile estimation. This involves road elevation information of the route gathered through available digital elevation mapping sources. A piecewise linear approximation technique is adopted to estimate the road model for a dedicated drive trip. The work adds a simple and inexpensive feature that can assist in the development of an eco-routing navigation system for proper prediction of the least energy consumption route available for the vehicle. The power consumption is evaluated which accounts for the three dimensional vehicle dynamics over a route having inherent dips and crests. A detailed analysis of driving power requirement is presented. The necessary simulations are conducted in Matlab- Simulink environment and results are discussed accordingly. The presented results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in order to enhance the applicability of the eco-routing navigation system.

Santanu Sharma

Papers

Review of power electronics in vehicle-to-grid systems

An approach for complete 2-D analytical potential modelling of fully depleted symmetric double gate junction less transistor

Electronic differential for electric vehicle with single wheel reference

A method for reduction of off state leakage current in symmetric DG JLT

Road Load Model Analysis for Eco-Routing Navigation Systems in Electric Vehicles