자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

The Social Psychology of Organizations.

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

In this article, the author examines the transition from ethnic enclave to diaspora/transnational entrepreneurship by Black African ethnic entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom through interview/case study approaches. Key issues at stake are whether diaspora/transnational entrepreneurship is a kind of adaptive process in self-actualization, economic empowerment, or competitive advantage or a strategy of reintegration with the country of origin. Leveraging duality of opportunities results in subjective successful business performance and personal contentment of the diaspora entrepreneurs. Transnational entrepreneurship is crucial to business growth in Africa. This is particularly true with diaspora transfers to Africa playing a significant role in social, economic, and business developments.

Ethnic Enclaves to Diaspora Entrepreneurs: A Critical Appraisal of Black British Africans' Transnational Entrepreneurship in London

This study, based on lived experiences of a sample of Nigerian entrepreneurs in the UK, provides an insight into why ethnic minority entrepreneurs work and feel justified in working outside the formal/legal structures regulated by government. It contributes an understanding of ethnic entrepreneurship at the periphery or grey zones of the market economy. Thirty Nigerian entrepreneurs based in London were interviewed over a period of 3 months, and their responses analysed for characterization of their entrepreneurial activities. It was found that besides their regular involvements in ‘off-the-book’ illicit deals, the demarcation between formal and informal entrepreneurial activities is blurred and not easily navigable. Importantly, the study explanatorily exposes the inherent myths of informal/illegal space associated with the study and power of entrepreneurship as an analytical concept.

Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK

The dynamic evolution of Diaspora Entrepreneurship reflects broad range of vistas; profoundly tensing up ‘conventional wisdom’, pressing knowledge boundaries and simultaneously exposing fundamental paradoxes in the characterisation of ethnic-minority groups in the context of their entrepreneurship. Prior efforts at researching and advancing knowledge in this sphere have been hugely complicated, not less by the ‘problematic of subjectivity’. Against this background, this thesis explores inter-subjective discourses and situated practices with a view to unravelling the temporal and spatial dimensions of entrepreneurship among Nigerians, the most populous Black-Africans in the UK. Thus, from contextual lenses of Nigerian entrepreneurs in London, the thesis unpacks the dialectics of diaspora entrepreneurship to allow the formulation and stabilisation of a diagnostic schema. Leaning on the philosophical axioms of interpretive discourse analysis, data are extracted from first-generation Nigerian entrepreneurs principally through the use of narrative interviews.
The study finds taxonomical fluidity in the schematisation of contemporary ethnic entrepreneurship as well as its trajectories of growth. Whilst increasingly enmeshed in the evolving phenomenon of diaspora entrepreneurship, ‘home’/‘host’ country dualisms are revealed and found to impact entrepreneurial values and identities. Essentially, the duality of entrepreneurial spaces reveals ambivalent positions, constraining the representation of ethnic entrepreneurship whilst at the same time pointing to new subject position. In both spaces, the study recognises unique trends, opportunity structures and spatial arrangements impacting business development and strategies.
The study demonstrates that ethnic entrepreneurship is a plethora of competing and negotiated value systems and meaning structures from which it is possible to assert that diaspora entrepreneurship is a product of persistent interface between multitude of social forces, attributes, states of being, actions, networks, attitudes, emotions, values, and beliefs. Therefore, by revealing entrepreneurship encounters as acts of empowerment, resistance and expression for newly immigrant ethnic groups in Britain, new sites of knowledge are evidenced.

Diaspora entrepreneurship : a study of Nigerian entrepreneurs in London

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the intricate interconnection between religion, spirituality and pursuits of economic opportunities among ethnic entrepreneurs, using British Africans as a frame. Against the backcloth of institutional constraints confronting ethnic minorities, the paper investigates how African immigrants in the UK utilise ethnic‐based religious resources in the enactment of entrepreneurship. It focuses on the intersection between religion, spirituality, and entrepreneurship for the purpose of providing “below the surface” understandings of African entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach – Rooted in the context of discovery rather than verification, the research approach involved the use of a focus group as an “entry point” in the collection of field data. This was followed up with one‐to‐one interviews so that key issues were then probed deeper whilst simultaneously allowing considerable scope to idiosyncratically explore particular meanings with research participan...

Religion, spirituality and entrepreneurship

African entrepreneurs in the diaspora are increasingly leveraging the duality of transnational space to expand economic opportunities in their countries of origin. Using the UK (London) and Sub-Saharan Africa migration corridor as a contextual prism, this paper explores the ‘everydayness' of entrepreneurship among African entrepreneurs in relation to how they traverse entrepreneurial spaces linking their countries of origin (home) and country of residence (host). Data collection combined discovery-oriented and ‘observer as participant’ techniques and emerging strands were fully explored using focus group protocols. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the findings indicate that Africans in diaspora contribute to Sub-Saharan African economic development through entrepreneurial investments. Diaspora direct investment (DDI) is an authentic avenue that unlocks untapped investment opportunities, and its objectives are driven by both economic and non-economic factors. Thus policy makers need to focus on harnessing ...

Sanya Ojo

Papers

Ethnic Enclaves to Diaspora Entrepreneurs: A Critical Appraisal of Black British Africans' Transnational Entrepreneurship in London

Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK

Diaspora entrepreneurship : a study of Nigerian entrepreneurs in London

Religion, spirituality and entrepreneurship

African Diaspora Entrepreneurs: Navigating Entrepreneurial Spaces in ‘Home’ and ‘Host’ Countries