The demand for portable and wearable chemical or biosensors and their expeditious development in recent years has created a scientific challenge in terms of their continuous powering. As a result, mechanical energy harvesters such as piezoelectric and triboelectric generators (TEGs) have been explored recently either as sensors or harvesters to store charge in small, but long‐life, energy‐storage devices to power the sensors. The use of energy harvesters as sensors is particularly interesting, as with such multifunctional operations it is possible to reduce the number devices needed in a system, which also helps overcome the integration complexities. In this regard, TEGs are promising, particularly for energy autonomous chemical and biological sensors, as they can be developed with a wide variety of materials, and their mechanical energy to electricity conversion can be modulated by various analytes. This review focuses on this interesting dimension of TEGs and presents various self‐powered active chemical and biological sensors. A brief discussion about the development of TEG‐based physical, magnetic, and optical sensors is also included. The influence of environmental factors, various figures of merit, and the significance of TEG design are explained in context with the active sensing. Finally, the key applications, challenges, and future perspective of chemical and biological detection via TEGs are discussed with a view to drive further advances in the field of self‐powered sensors.

https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/269191/1/269191.pdf

Self‐Powered Active Sensing Based on Triboelectric Generators

Tribophotonics: an Emerging Self-Powered Wireless Solution toward Smart City

Building coupling loss measurement and prediction due to train-induced vertical vibrations

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) developed by Z. L. Wang’s team to harvest random mechanical energy is a promising new energy source for distributed sensing systems in the new era of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) for a smart world. TENG has many advantages that make it suitable for a wide range of applications, including energy harvesting, environmental protection, wearable electronics, robotics, and self-powered sensors. Sensing as an important part of TENG applications is gradually expanding, with the in-depth study of TENG sensing in its working principle, material selection, processing technology, system integration, surface treatment, and back-end algorithms by researchers. In industry and academia, fluid dynamics sensing for liquid and air is urgently needed but lacking. In particular, local fluid sensing is difficult and limited to traditional sensors. Fortunately, with advantages for ordinary TENGs and TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors, fluid dynamics sensing can be better realized. Therefore, the paper summarizes the up-to-date work on TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors, discusses the advantages of TENGs as fluid dynamics sensors in-depth, and, most importantly, aims to explore possible new key areas to help guide the future direction of TENG in fluid dynamics sensing by addressing the key challenges.

/pdf/application-of-triboelectric-nanogenerator-in-fluid-dynamics-22e7zukq.pdf

Application of Triboelectric Nanogenerator in Fluid Dynamics Sensing: Past and Future

With the development of 5G, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, diversified sensors (such as the signal acquisition module) have become more and more important in people’s daily life. According to the extensive use of various distributed wireless sensors, powering them has become a big problem. Among all the powering methods, the self-powered sensor system based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has shown its superiority. This review focuses on four major application areas of wireless sensors based on TENG, including environmental monitoring, human monitoring, industrial production, and daily life. The perspectives and outlook of the future development of self-powered wireless sensors are discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1329/pdf?version=1675237119

Recent Progress in Self-Powered Wireless Sensors and Systems Based on TENG

Crack development of rebar rust in rubberized concrete using mesoscale model

Triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled fully self-powered instantaneous wireless sensor systems

Detecting arrays are mathematical structures aimed at fault identification in combinatorial interaction testing. However, they cannot be directly applied to systems that have constraints on the test parameters. These constraints are prevalent in real-world systems. This paper proposes constrained detecting arrays (CDAs), an extension of detecting arrays, which can be used for systems with constraints. The properties and capabilities of CDAs are examined with rigorous arguments. Moreover, two algorithms are proposed for constructing CDAs: one is aimed at generating minimum CDAs, and the other is a heuristic algorithm aimed at fast generation of CDAs. The algorithms were experimentally evaluated using a benchmark dataset. Experimental results show that the first algorithm can generate minimum CDAs if a sufficiently long generation time is allowed, and the second algorithm can generate minimum or near-minimum CDAs in a reasonable time. CDAs extend the range of application of detecting arrays to systems with constraints. The two proposed algorithms have different advantages with respect to array size and generation time. 

Constrained detecting arrays: Mathematical structures for fault identification in combinatorial interaction testing

Context: Detecting arrays are mathematical structures aimed at fault identification in combinatorial interaction testing. However, they cannot be directly applied to systems that have constraints among test parameters. Such constraints are prevalent in real-world systems. 
Objectives: This paper proposes Constrained Detecting Arrays (CDAs), an extension of detecting arrays, which can be used for systems with constraints. 
Methods: The paper examines the properties and capabilities of CDAs with rigorous arguments. The paper also proposes two algorithms for constructing CDAs: One is aimed at generating minimum CDAs and the other is a heuristic algorithm aimed at fast generation of CDAs. The algorithms are evaluated through experiments using a benchmark dataset. 
Results: Experimental results show that the first algorithm can generate minimum CDAs if a sufficiently long generation time is allowed, and the second algorithm can generate minimum or near-minimum CDAs in a reasonable time. 
Conclusion: CDAs enhance detecting arrays to be applied to systems with constraints. The two proposed algorithms have different advantages with respect to the array size and generation time

Sara G. Shields

Papers

Crack development of rebar rust in rubberized concrete using mesoscale model

Triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled fully self-powered instantaneous wireless sensor systems

Triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled fully self-powered instantaneous wireless sensor systems

Constrained detecting arrays: Mathematical structures for fault identification in combinatorial interaction testing

Constrained Detecting Arrays: Mathematical Structures for Fault Identification in Combinatorial Interaction Testing.