Although the Internet is a convenient platform to conduct commercial transactions, consumers are disadvantaged in the online marketplace due to insufficient information about goods and services as well as business and transaction process, lack of access to redress and several other problems. The number of complaints regarding online transactions increased in Australia from 2001 to 2005, and the number of Internet-fraud related complaints reported to Consumer Sentinel (USA) also increased from 2003 to 2006. This, in turn, has undermined consumer trust and impeded the growth of e-retailing as well as added to the fear among e-consumers of falling prey to online fraud. In spite of this, the nature and effectiveness of e-consumer protection has not been adequately studied, notwithstanding extensive research into other aspects of e-retailing. This article examines (i) the level of awareness of the respondents in the survey in Australia of the current policy framework for addressing consumer protection about online shopping in terms of redress; and (ii) the behaviour of the two groups of respondents in this survey who have and have not encountered problems with online purchases. The findings suggest that most respondents are not aware of the following issues, namely (i) which organizations are involved in e-consumer protection; (ii) government regulations and guidelines; (iii) industry codes of conduct; (iv) self-regulatory approaches adopted by business; and (v) the activities of consumer associations to protect consumers in the online marketplace. The findings also show that most respondents would seek redress if they were unhappy with their online purchases and if they knew how to proceed, and that most of them would settle disputes directly with e-retailers. Also, online shoppers who had encountered problems were more likely to continue purchasing via the Internet than online shoppers who had not encountered any problems. This suggests that respondents find that the benefits offered by e-retailing outweigh the risks associated with it.

Online shoppers in Australia: dealing with problems

The going concern audit opinion is issued by the auditor to ascertain whether the company can maintain its survival. Expenditures of going concern audit opinion is very useful for users of financial statements to make the right decisions in investing, because when an investor will make an investment it is necessary for them to know the company's financial condition, especially concerning the survival of the company. This study aims to analyze the nonfinancial factors that influence the acceptance of going concern audit opinion on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2013-2016. The variables used in this study are the level of disclosure, the length of audit time (audit lag), and the previous year's audit opinion. This type of research is quantitative research with data analysis using logistic regression. In this study, the method used was purposive sampling and obtained a total sample of 176 companies that met the sample criteria. The results of the study show that the previous year's audit opinion variable affects the acceptance of going concern audit opinion. While disclosure and audit lag do not affect the acceptance of going concern audit opinion. This research contributes as (1) empirical evidence and material consideration for the auditor in carrying out its audit process, especially in terms of providing a going concern audit opinion in Indonesia; and (2) empirical evidence for investors and potential investors regarding going concern (business continuity of a company) so that they can make the right decision in making an investment. The independent variables used in this study only explain 14.4% of the dependent variable while the remaining 85.6% is explained by other variables.

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The effect of non-financial factors on acceptance of going concern audit opinion in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia stock Exchange

This paper investigates the specifics of electronic trade and the issues of protecting the rights of online-consumers, considers their rights and obligations, since we all face a radically new phenomenon in the sphere of trade – an unprecedented boom of electronic trade (e-commerce), based on the use of the Internet for concluding transactions and operations in the systems of wholesale and retail trade. The means of electronic communication provide broad opportunities for direct contacts between individuals from different countries. The development of electronic communications poses new tasks before the system of international private law, and one of them is the protection of the consumer rights, when conducting electronic trade. The main goal of this research is to explore the contemporary state of electronic trade worldwide and to outline the principles of the online consumer protection. Writing this paper, the following scientific methods were employed: the method of collecting and examining individual facts, of generalizing, of abstract scientific conceptualization, the methods of discovering the general rule. As a result of the analysis conducted, we can present a list of the basic principles of protecting the rights of the online consumers – the principle of the right to return the goods bought via the Internet; the right to address complaints, when buying goods via the Internet; the principle of recognition of online contracts; the principle of providing effective protection; the principle of protecting the personal data of the online consumers. The paper suggests a definition of electronic trade by the authors. We conclude that it is necessary to devise an efficient structure for the judicial system, as well as the legislation that would be really applicable, in the implementation of the consumer right protection in electronic trade. Keywords: buyers; business operators; electronic trade, principles; transaction. JEL Classifications: D18, L81

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The Principles of the Consumer Right Protection in Electronic Trade: A Comparative Law Analysis

The Internet has created a global marketplace, where consumers can purchase goods and services. For online purchases, disputes can occur and are called electronic commerce disputes (e-disputes). The need for an appropriate jurisdiction for e-disputes has resulted in the development of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), a mechanism for resolving these disputes through the internet. Currently, there is no universal agreement about the concepts of procedural fairness, trust and security in ODR systems, although these issues have been widely discussed in the field of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). This research aimed to develop a set of standards, so that e-commerce users have faith in the fairness, security, and trust of ODR systems.

Sarabdeen Jawahitha

Papers

Cyberjurisdiction and consumer protection in e-commerce