This year, more than 1 million Americans and more than 10 million people worldwide are expected to be diagnosed with cancer, a disease commonly believed to be preventable. Only 5–10% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, whereas the remaining 90–95% have their roots in the environment and lifestyle. The lifestyle factors include cigarette smoking, diet (fried foods, red meat), alcohol, sun exposure, environmental pollutants, infections, stress, obesity, and physical inactivity. The evidence indicates that of all cancer-related deaths, almost 25–30% are due to tobacco, as many as 30–35% are linked to diet, about 15–20% are due to infections, and the remaining percentage are due to other factors like radiation, stress, physical activity, environmental pollutants etc. Therefore, cancer prevention requires smoking cessation, increased ingestion of fruits and vegetables, moderate use of alcohol, caloric restriction, exercise, avoidance of direct exposure to sunlight, minimal meat consumption, use of whole grains, use of vaccinations, and regular check-ups. In this review, we present evidence that inflammation is the link between the agents/factors that cause cancer and the agents that prevent it. In addition, we provide evidence that cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes.

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Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes

Removal of the hazardous dye—Tartrazine by photodegradation on titanium dioxide surface

Several industries are using dyes as coloring agents. The effluents from these industries are increasingly becoming an environmental problem. The removal of dyes from aqueous solution has a great potential in the field of environmental engineering. This paper reviews the classification, characteristics, and problems of dyes in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods used for dye removal are also analyzed. Among these methods, Fenton process-based advanced oxidation processes are an emerging prospect in the field of dye removal. Fenton processes have been classified and represented as “Fenton circle”. This paper analyzes the recent studies on Fenton processes. The studies include analyzing different configurations of reactors used for dye removal, its efficiency, and the effects of various operating parameters such as pH, catalyst concentration, H2O2 concentration, initial dye concentration, and temperature of Fenton processes. From the present study, it can be conclude that Fenton processes are very effective and environmentally friendly methods for dye removal.

Degradation of dyes from aqueous solution by Fenton processes: a review

The pressing issue to feed the increasing world population has created a demand to enhance food production, which has to be cheaper, but at the same time must meet high quality standards. Taste, appearance, texture, and microbiological safety are required to be preserved within a foodstuff for the longest period of time. Although considerable improvements have been achieved in terms of food additives, some are still enveloped in controversy. The lack of uniformity in worldwide laws regarding additives, along with conflicting results of many studies help foster this controversy. In this report, the most important preservatives, nutritional additives, coloring, flavoring, texturizing, and miscellaneous agents are analyzed in terms of safety and toxicity. Natural additives and extracts, which are gaining interest due to changes in consumer habits are also evaluated in terms of their benefits to health and combined effects. Technologies, like edible coatings and films, which have helped overcome some drawbacks of additives, but still pose some disadvantages, are briefly addressed. Future trends like nanoencapsulation and the development of "smart" additives and packages, specific vaccines for intolerance to additives, use of fungi to produce additives, and DNA recombinant technologies are summarized.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12065

Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives

Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander

We determined the genotoxicity of 39 chemicals currently in use as food additives. They fell into six categories—dyes, color fixatives and preservatives, preservatives, antioxidants, fungicides, and sweeteners. We tested groups of four male ddY mice once orally with each additive at up to 0.5×LD50 or the limit dose (2000 mg/kg) and performed the comet assay on the glandular stomach, colon, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, lung, brain, and bone marrow 3 and 24 h after treatment. Of all the additives, dyes were the most genotoxic. Amaranth, Allura Red, New Coccine, Tartrazine, Erythrosine, Phloxine, and Rose Bengal induced dose-related DNA damage in the glandular stomach, colon, and/or urinary bladder. All seven dyes induced DNA damage in the gastrointestinal organs at a low dose (10 or 100 mg/kg). Among them, Amaranth, Allura Red, New Coccine, and Tartrazine induced DNA damage in the colon at close to the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Two antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)), three fungicides (biphenyl, sodium o-phenylphenol, and thiabendazole), and four sweeteners (sodium cyclamate, saccharin, sodium saccharin, and sucralose) also induced DNA damage in gastrointestinal organs. Based on these results, we believe that more extensive assessment of food additives in current use is warranted.

The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives.

The genotoxicity of endogenously formed N -nitrosamines from secondary amines and sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) was evaluated in multiple organs of mice, using comet assay. Groups of four male mice were orally given dimethylamine, proline, and morpholine simultaneously with NaNO 2 . The stomach, colon, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, lung, brain, and bone marrow were sampled 3 and 24 h after these compounds had been ingested. Although secondary amines and the NaNO 2 tested did not yield DNA damage in any of the organs tested, DNA damage was observed mainly in the liver following simultaneous oral ingestion of these compounds. The administration within a 60 min interval also yielded hepatic DNA damage. It is considered that DNA damage induced in mouse organs with the coexistence of amines and nitrite in the acidic stomach is due to endogenously formed nitrosamines. Ascorbic acid reduced the liver DNA damage induced by morpholine and NaNO 2 . Reductions in hepatic genotoxicity of endogenously formed N -nitrosomorpholine by tea polyphenols, such as catechins and theaflavins, and fresh apple, grape, and orange juices were more effective than was by ascorbic acid. In contrast with the antimutagenicity of ascorbic acid in the liver, ascorbic acid yielded stomach DNA damage in the presence of NaNO 2 (in the presence and absence of morpholine). Even if ascorbic acid acts as an antimutagen in the liver, nitric oxide (NO) formed from the reduction of NaNO 2 by ascorbic acid damaged stomach DNA.

Detection of in vivo genotoxicity of endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and suppression by ascorbic acid, teas and fruit juices.

Two new polyacetylene glycosides, kamiohnoyneosides A and B, were isolated from the flowers of edible Chrysanthemum "Kamiohno", along with a known polyacetylene glycoside and two known monoterpene glycosides The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data Kamiohnoyneoside A and three known compounds moderately inhibited formation of Ne-(carboxymethyl)lysine, one of the representative advanced glycation endproducts

Kamiohnoyneosides A and B, two new polyacetylene glycosides from flowers of edible Chrysanthemum "Kamiohno".

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-mediated genotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids using human lymphoblastoid cells

The metabolic activating ability of human liver S human lung S HLuSP E and rat liver S were compared One of the human liver S HLSP E was prepared from a pool from donors and the other HLS E from a liver sample that had high levels of P activities Rat liver S was prepared from male Sprague ndash Dawley rats either untreated RLSP E or pretreated with phenobarbital benzoflavone RL PB BF Human lymphoma WTK cells were treated with pro mutagens that required cytochrome P or NADPH P reductase for metabolic activation and their genotoxicity was determined by the comet assay HLS E and RL PB BF had a higher P enzyme activity and activated a greater variety of pro mutagens than others The results of the human liver S and RL PB BF were discrepant for only out of pro mutagens phenacetin was positive with human liver S but not with RL PB BF and benz a anthrathene was positive with RL PB BF but not with human liver S Both RL PB BF and human liver S activated pyrene IQ MeIQ nitropyrene and N nitrosopiperidine while RLSP E did not In spite of the existence of species differences in CYP isoforms and differences of CYP activity therefore there were no appreciable qualitative differences in pro mutagen activating ability of the human liver S and RL PB BF suggesting the possibility that the genotoxicity of some pro mutagens that are genotoxic with human liver S are missed by the use of liver S from rats that were not pretreated to induce CYP Therefore conventionally used CYP induced rat liver S fraction is useful for the evaluation of the genotoxic risk for humans in spite of the species difference in CYP isoforms nbsp

https://medcrave.org.medcraveonline.com/index.php/MOJT/article/download/20315/39657

Satomi Kawaguchi

Papers

The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives.

Detection of in vivo genotoxicity of endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and suppression by ascorbic acid, teas and fruit juices.

Kamiohnoyneosides A and B, two new polyacetylene glycosides from flowers of edible Chrysanthemum "Kamiohno".

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-mediated genotoxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids using human lymphoblastoid cells

Detection of in vitro genotoxicity of pro-mutagens using the comet assay under human and rat liver S9 fractions