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Oceanography Of The British Columbia Coast

Spatial and Temporal Persistence of Nearshore Kelp Beds on the West Coast of British Columbia, Canada using Satellite Remote Sensing.

Hazards evaluation of a valuable vulnerable sand-wave field forage fish habitat in the marginal Central Salish Sea using a submersible

Habitat preference of the Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in the San Juan Channel in the fall: 2014 season and interannual comparison 2012-2014

The Salish Sea Boundary Straits between the United States and Canada are a vital waterway connecting commercial and military ports in Washington State and British Columbia with the Pacific Ocean. Although the international boundary line in the waters has been authoritatively established, questions persist regarding the classification under the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) of the waters on either side of the international boundary as either internal waters or territorial seas. Similar questions on historic waters claims arise in the South China Sea and the Arctic Northwest Passage. This article examines the available evidence that might support a U.S. claim to historic title in the waters and concludes that it falls short of the international law standard. Accordingly, the boundary straits are properly classified as territorial seas and foreign vessels have a right of innocent passage in those waters.

The Salish Sea Boundary Straits: 'Historic Internal Waters' or Territorial Seas?

Intra-archipelago waterways, including tidal strait networks, present a complex set of barriers to, and conduits for sediment transport between marine basins. Tidal straits may also be the least well understood tide-dominated sedimentary environment. To address these issues, currents, sediment transport pathways, and seabed sedimentology & geomorphology were studied in the central Salish Sea (Gulf and San Juan Islands region) of British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA. A variety of data types were integrated: 3D & 2D tidal models, multibeam bathymetry & backscatter, seabed video, grab samples, cores and seismic reflection. This dissertation included the first regional sediment transport modelling study of the central Salish Sea. Lagrangian particle dispersal simulations were driven by 2D tidal hydrodynamics (~59-days). It was found that flood-tide dominance through narrow intraarchipelago connecting straits resulted in the transfer of sediment into the inland Strait of Georgia, an apparent sediment sink. The formative/maintenance processes at a variety of seabed landforms, including a banner bank with giant dunes, were explained with modelled tides and sediment transport. Deglacial history and modern lateral sedimentological and morphological transitions were also considered. Based on this modern environment, adjustments to the tidal strait facies model were identified. In addition, erosion and deposition patterns across the banner bank (dune complex) were monitored with 8-repeat multibeam sonar surveys (~10 years). With these data, spatially variable bathymetric change detection techniques were explored: A) a cell-by-cell probabilistic depth uncertainty-based threshold (ttest); and B) coherent clusters of change pixels identified with the local Moran's Ii spatial autocorrelation statistic. Uncertainty about volumetric change is a considerable challenge in seabed change research, compared to terrestrial studies. Consideration of volumetric change confidence intervals tempers interpretations and communicates metadata. Techniques A & B may both be used to restrict volumetric change calculations in area, to exclude low relative bathymetric change signal areas.

Sean Mullan

Papers

Tidal sedimentology and geomorphology in the central Salish Sea straits, British Columbia and Washington State