Objective: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with many influences contributing to the disease. The aim of this study was to identify the most important risk factors. Methods: This study was conducted in 2017 with a structured overview in the Science Directe, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science (ISI) databases. In the first step, articles were extracted based on their titles and abstracts; the quality of 43 articles was evaluated using the STORBE tool. Inclusion criteria were studies carried out on human, English language (first step), year of the study and the study type (second step). Results: Finally, 1,381 articles were found, of which 1,269 were excluded in primary and secondary screening. In reviewing the references of the remaining 44 papers, 4 studies were added. Finally, 43 articles were selected for the quality assessment process. A total of 52 risk factors for gastric cancer were identified and classified into nine important categories: diet, lifestyle, genetic predisposition, family history, treatment and medical conditions, infections, demographic characteristics, occupational exposures and ionizing radiation’. Conclusion: Several environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of gastric cancer. Regarding the role of changes in ‘diet and lifestyle’, considering appropriate nutrition and improving the level of education and awareness of people is vital for early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease, especially in people with a family history and genetic predisposition.

http://journal.waocp.org/article_57659_e3c6b06db814c09b3e21fe064d79de18.pdf

Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review

In this study, we recruited 49 subjects from one village close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 50 km away from the e-waste site (control group). We found that serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 382 ng/g lipid weight; range, 77–8452 ng/g lipid weight) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 1.79 µIU/mL; range, 0.38–9.03 µIU/mL) and frequencies of micronucleated binucleated cells (MNed BNC; median, 5‰; range, 0–96‰) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group (158 ng/g, range of 18–436 ng/g, and p < 0.05; 1.15 µIU/mL, range of 0.48–2.09, and p < 0.01; and 0‰, range of 0–5‰, and p < 0.01, respectively). A history of working with e-waste was significantly associated with increased MNed BNC frequencies (odds ratio (OR), 38.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1–1358.71, p = 0.044), independent of years of local residence, a perceived risk factor. However, there was no association between PBDEs exposure and oxid...

Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in Chinese workers from an E-waste dismantling site.

Genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility: a review.

Background
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are known to abolish or reduce the activities of intracellular enzymes that help detoxify environmental carcinogens, such as those found in tobacco smoke. It has been suggested that polymorphisms in the GST genes are risk factors for lung cancer, but a large number of studies have reported apparently conflicting results.

/pdf/five-glutathione-s-transferase-gene-variants-in-23-452-cases-4l6ui7iq2z.pdf

Five Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Variants in 23,452 Cases of Lung Cancer and 30,397 Controls: Meta-Analysis of 130 Studies

Multiple genes have been studied for potential associations with lung cancer. The gene most frequently associated with increased risk has been glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1). The glutathione S-transferase enzyme family is known to catalyze detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress. In this review, the authors summarize the available evidence associating lung cancer with the GSTM1 gene. They describe results from an updated meta-analysis of 98 published genetic association studies investigating the relation between the GSTM1 null variant and lung cancer risk including 19,638 lung cancer cases and 25,266 controls (counting cases and controls in each study only once). All studies considered, the GSTM1 null variant was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 1.30), but no increase in risk was seen (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.12) when only the five largest studies (>500 cases each) were considered. Furthermore, while GSTM1 null status conferred a significantly increased risk of lung cancer to East Asians (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.55), such a genotype did not confer increased risk to Caucasians. More data regarding the predictive value of GSTM1 genetic testing are needed before population-based testing may be reasonably considered.

/pdf/glutathione-s-transferase-m1-gstm1-polymorphisms-and-lung-i5b0i9yq5a.pdf

Glutathione S-Transferase M1 (GSTM1) Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer: A Literature-based Systematic HuGE Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective To investigate the polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes as well as their separate and combined effects on individual susceptibility to lung cancer. Methods This study was conducted in Jiangsu Province. In the matched 106 pairs of patients with lung cancer and non-cancer control persons,genomic DNA were prepared from peripheral blood samples. The genotypes of CYP1A1 Ile/Val and GSTM1+/0 polymorphisms were detected by the allele-specific (AS)-PCR and multi-differential(MD)-PCR. Results Individuals with genotype Val/Val of CYP1A1,genotype 0/0 of GSTM1, combined genotypes GSTM1 0/0 and CYP1A1 Val/Val, or combined genotypes GSM1 0/0 and CYP1A1 Ile/Val had higher relative risk than those with the corresponding common genotypes and combined genotypes; their odds ratios were 4.02(P=0.03), 1.92(P=0.019), 9.38(P=0.04) and 3.27(P=0.01), respectively. Conclusion There is a synergy of susceptible genotypes GSTM1 0/0 and CYP1A1 Val/Val or CYP1A1 Ile/Val to enhance the individual susceptibility to lung cancer.

Polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes and their combined effects on individual susceptibility to lung cancer in a Chinese population

Polymorphisms in MSH2 gene and risk of gastric cancer, and interactions with lifestyle factors in a Chinese population

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder. The identification of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations as a cause of Parkinson's disease has greatly expanded our knowledge of the genetic and molecular pathogenesis of this disorder. By denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and gene sequencing in patients and controls, we identified a novel frequent heterozygous 2264C-->T substitution, which causes a proline-to-leucine mutation (P755L) in LRRK2 gene. In our sample of 598 patients of Chinese Han ancestry, 12 cases carried the same LRRK2 mutation. Our results indicated that this single mutation was implicated in 2% of sporadic patients. We suggest that testing for this mutation will be important in the management and genetic counseling of patients with Parkinson's disease.

A novel P755L mutation in LRRK2 gene associated with Parkinson's disease.

Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: CDH1. Disease: gastric cancer.

We designed to understand the effects of the T1151A gene polymorphism in the hMLH1 gene on the pathogenesis of familial gastric cancer Peripheral blood DNA from 113 patients with familial gastric cancer or suspected familial gastric cancer that were newly identified in the same year, along with 180 healthy subjects, was subjected to polymerase chain reaction-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (PCR-DHPLC) and DNA sequencing of exon 12 in the hMLH1 gene Our results as following, the T1151A detection rate was remarkably higher in patients with familial gastric cancer or suspected familial gastric cancer compared to normal control patients (P < 005) Stratified analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the detection rate between the control group and elderly patients whose age of onset was greater than 50 years old (P < 005) The detection rate of patients from high-risk families were relatively high (P < 005) An especially significant distribution was observed in patients who had suffered precancerous diseases related to gastric cancer (P < 001) In conclusion, familial gastric carcinoma families in China carrying the T1151A polymorphism may have a higher risk of suffering from gastric cancer This gene polymorphism can be used as a candidate screening index for high-risk populations

Sen-qing Chen

Papers

Polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes and their combined effects on individual susceptibility to lung cancer in a Chinese population

Polymorphisms in MSH2 gene and risk of gastric cancer, and interactions with lifestyle factors in a Chinese population

A novel P755L mutation in LRRK2 gene associated with Parkinson's disease.

Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: CDH1. Disease: gastric cancer.

A new familial gastric cancer-related gene polymorphism: T1151A in the mismatch repair gene hMLH1.