Background
Dietary supplements (DSs) are commercially available products consumed as an addition to the usual diet and are frequently ingested by athletes.

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Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence, Adverse Events, and Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement and Nutritional Supplement Use by US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel

This research investigated patterns of the use of dietary supplement and doping awareness among high-ranked judoists from 2 countries. Korean (70 men and 31 women) and Japanese (37 men and 34 women) national judo team members were divided into 2 groups (high and low competitive performance levels) according to their international and national rankings. Fifty-nine percent of Korean and 61% of Japanese judoists consumed dietary supplements. Eighty-eight percent of high- and 51% of low-competitive-performance-level Korean judoists consumed dietary supplements. Sixty-eight percent of high- and 57% of low-competitive-performance-level Japanese judoists consumed dietary supplements. Oriental supplements (34%), vitamins (23%), and protein powder (12%) were the most commonly consumed dietary supplements in Korean judoists. Vitamins (45%), protein powder (33%), and minerals (15%) were the most commonly consumed dietary supplements in Japanese judoists. Thirty-eight percent of judoists from both countries had not received any proper education about antidoping, and 44% of judoists from both countries had not received knowledge of antidoping legislation. There was a significant difference in education about antidoping between high and low competitive-performance levels of Korean judoists (p < .001). Korean judoists received significantly less antidoping education than Japanese judoists (p < .001). The associations for antidoping education and knowledge of antidoping legislation with the use of dietary supplements were 3.46 (95% CI = 1.31-9.12) and 1.63 (95% CI = 0.71-3.76), respectively. Our findings showed that use of dietary supplements in judoists from both countries was increased after experiencing antidoping education.

Dietary supplementation of high-performance Korean and Japanese judoists.

Dietary Supplement Use in a Large, Representative Sample of the US Armed Forces

As we end this series of reviews of supplements and sports foods, it is fitting that the last words should come from the World Anti-Doping Agency. After all, the contravention of anti-doping rules due to the ingestion of prohibited substances that are ingredients or contaminants of some supplements and sports foods is a key issue which must be taken into account whenever an athlete decides whether or not to use such products.

### A Vernec

Athletes have a long history of using substances in an attempt to gain an advantage in sporting competitions. The ancient Greeks and Romans used herbs, fungi, poppy seeds and stimulants such as strychnine in order to boost performance.1 In the modern era, this practice continued mostly with the use of stimulants and narcotics. Sports federations took notice and in 1928 the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) became the first federation to prohibit the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), although there would be no testing in sport for another 40 years.2

Amphetamine use was involved in the deaths of cyclists Knud Jensen and Tommy Simpson in the 1960 Olympic Games and the 1967 Tour de France respectively: this spurred the development of the International Olympic Commissions (IOC) Medical Commission, which published the first IOC Prohibited List in 1967. This became the de facto Prohibited List for Olympic Sport Federations. The ‘Festina affair’ (1998 Tour de France), where a team trainer's car was found to contain a panoply of PEDs, was the catalyst to create a new organisation to harmonise, coordinate and promote the fight against doping in sport in all its forms.3 The IOC convened the first World Conference in Doping in Sport in 1999, which resulted in the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

WADA is a unique, independent body representing equally sport and …

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/47/15/998.full.pdf

A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance: Part 48

The aim of this study was to examine the use of herbal and/or traditional products supplements and doping tests among elite athletes. A questionnaire, which sought prevalence of the use of herbal/traditional products, the reason for taking supplements by the informants, information on demographical parameters, type of supplements, and doping consciousness, were completed by 228 athletes from 14 sport disciplines. Samples of the blood of 10 athletes were collected after they took herbal and/or traditional products, using the multi-stratified cluster random sampling method and were analysed by the doping control center in the KIST. The prevalence of oriental medicine usage is 53.5% (male) and 62.2% (female), and the reason for taking supplements was to improve recovery ability after exercise and training rather than to control conditioning. Relative gender-significant differences were observed in the subjects (male: self, female: parents) and doping consciousness (male: 73.7%, female: 31.4%). Tests of all the samples, according to the regulations of WADA anti-doping code, showed negative responses in 9 items and 210 substances. In conclusion, many herbal and/or traditional products were used as ergogenic aids despite a lack of evidence to support such claims. Moreover, there was difference between the doping consciousness levels in male and female. It was suggested that female athletes might need to increase their doping consciousness level.

The Use of Herbal/Traditional Products Supplementation and Doping Tests in Elite Athletes

본 연구는 유도 종목의 경기규칙 개정에 따라 경기내용이 어떻게 변화하였는지 확인하기 위해 2016년 리우올림픽(429경기)과 2020년 도쿄올림픽(426경기) 대회를 비교 분석하였다. 자료처리는 빈도분석과 백분율(%), 교차분석(χ²)을 실시하였으며 통계적 유의수준은 ⍺=.05로 설정하였다. 연구결과 여자선수들의 득점유형에서는 차이가 나타났지만(p<.001), 남자선수들은 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p=.165). 기술득점경기의 점수유형에서는 남ㆍ여 모두 차이가 나타났으며(p<001. p<.001) 벌칙득점경기의 점수유형에서도 남ㆍ여 모두 차이가 나타났다(p<.001, p<.001). 남자선수(34.7%)와 여자선수(17.2%) 모두 ‘골든스코어’ 경기가 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 남ㆍ여 선수 모두 기술득점경기는 증가하고 벌칙득점 경기는 감소하여 긍정적인 결과를 나타냈지만 남자선수들의 경우 한판승 경기가 감소하였다. 둘째, ‘지도’가 승패를 결정할 수 없는 규정으로 인해 남ㆍ여 선수 모두 골든스코어 경기가 급격히 증가했다. 셋째, 남자선수들은 경기시간이 단축됨으로 연장전 경기가 증가되고 이로 인해 ‘한판’이 감소하였다. 결론적으로 국제유도연맹이 경기규칙을 변경하므로 긍정적인 유도(Positive Judo)의 목표는 부분적으로 이루었지만 모든 목표가 달성되지는 않았다. 향후 국제유도연맹의 새로운 규칙을 도입할 때 유도 경기내용분석에 대한 연구는 현장에서 유용한 자료로 활용될 것이며 유도 경기분석에 관련된 연구를 지속적으로 모색하여 다가올 2024년 파리올림픽에 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다. 

Seoung Ki Kang

Papers

The Use of Herbal/Traditional Products Supplementation and Doping Tests in Elite Athletes

Analysis of Competition Contents According to the Revision of the Judo Competition Rules: Comparison of 2016 Rio Olympics and 2020 Tokyo Olympics

Preventive effects of standardized krill oil on alcohol hangovers in a clinical trial