We present a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the concept of quantum non-Markovianity, a central theme in the theory of open quantum systems. We introduce the concept of a quantum Markovian process as a generalization of the classical definition of Markovianity via the so-called divisibility property and relate this notion to the intuitive idea that links non-Markovianity with the persistence of memory effects. A detailed comparison with other definitions presented in the literature is provided. We then discuss several existing proposals to quantify the degree of non-Markovianity of quantum dynamics and to witness non-Markovian behavior, the latter providing sufficient conditions to detect deviations from strict Markovianity. Finally, we conclude by enumerating some timely open problems in the field and provide an outlook on possible research directions.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/77/9/094001/pdf

Quantum non-Markovianity: characterization, quantification and detection

https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/85808/1/KJ00004746786.pdf

Time-Dependent Statistics of the Ising Model

The first goal of algebraic number theory is the generalization of the theorem on the unique representation of natural numbers as products of prime numbers to algebraic numbers. Gauss considered the ring \( \mathbb{Z}\left[ {\sqrt {{ - 1}} } \right] \) of all numbers of the form \( a + \sqrt {{ - 1b}} \) with \( a,\;b \in \mathbb{Z} \) and showed that \( \mathbb{Z}\left[ {\sqrt {{ - 1}} } \right] \) is a ring with unique factorization in prime elements (see §2.1). He introduced these numbers for the development of his theory of biquadratic residues. Another motivation for the study of the arithmetic of algebraic numbers comes from the theory of Tiophantine equations. For example, the quadratic form \( f({x_1},\;{x_2}) = x_1^2 - Dx_2^2 \) with \( D \in \mathbb{Z} \), \( \sqrt {{D\; \notin \;\mathbb{Z}}} \) can be written in the form \( \left( {{x_1} - \sqrt {{D{x_2}}} } \right)\left( {{x_1} + \sqrt {{D{x_2}}} } \right) \). Hence the question about the representation of integers by f(a 1, a 2) with \( {a_1},\;{a_2} \in \mathbb{Z} \) can be reformulated as a question of factorization of algebraic numbers of the form \( {a_1} + \sqrt {{D{a_2}}} \). These numbers form a module in the field \( \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt {D} ) \).

Basic Number Theory

p-Adic Mathematical Physics

We demonstrate that the p-adic analysis is a natural basis for the construction of a wide variety of models of ultrametric diffusion constrained by hierarchical energy landscapes. A general analytical description in terms of the p-adic analysis is given for a class of models. Two exactly solvable examples, i.e. the ultrametric diffusion constrained by the linear energy landscape and the ultrametric diffusion with a reaction sink, are considered. We show that such models can be applied to both the relaxation in complex systems and the rate processes coupled to rearrangement of the complex surrounding.

p-adic models of ultrametric diffusion constrained by hierarchical energy landscapes

1. NUMBERS: RATIONAL, REAL, p-ADIC We present a brief review of some selected topics in p-adic mathematical physics. More details can be found in the references below and the other references are mainly contained therein. We hope that this brief introduction to some aspects of p-adic mathematical physics could be helpful for the readers of the first issue of the journal p-Adic Numbers, Ultrametric Analysis and Applications. The notion of numbers is basic not only in mathematics but also in physics and entire science. Most of modern science is based on mathematical analysis over real and complex numbers. However, it is turned out that for exploring complex hierarchical systems it is sometimes more fruitful to use analysis over p-adic numbers and ultrametric spaces. p-Adic numbers (see, e.g. [1]), introduced by Hensel, are widely used in mathematics: in number theory, algebraic geometry, representation theory, algebraic and arithmetical dynamics, and cryptography.

On p-adic mathematical physics

Methods of p-adic analysis are applied to the investigation of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the models of spin glasses. A p-adic expression for the Parisi replica matrix is given and, moreover, the Parisi replica matrix in models of spontaneous breaking of the replica symmetry in the simplest case is expressed in the form of the Vladimirov operator of p-adic fractional differentiation. Also, the model of hierarchical diffusion (that was proposed to describe relaxation of spin glasses) is investigated using p-adic analysis.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4470/32/50/301/pdf

Application of p-adic analysis to models of breaking of replica symmetry

Methods of p-adic analysis are applied to the investigation of the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the models of spin glasses. A p-adic expression for the replica matrix is given and moreover the replica matrix in the models of spontaneous breaking of the replica symmetry in the simplest case is expressed in the form of the Vladimirov operator of p-adic fractional differentiation. Also the model of hierarchical diffusion (that was proposed to describe relaxation of spin glasses) investigated using p-adic analysis.

Sergei Vladimirovich Kozyrev

Papers

p-Adic Mathematical Physics

p-adic models of ultrametric diffusion constrained by hierarchical energy landscapes

On p-adic mathematical physics

Application of p-adic analysis to models of breaking of replica symmetry

Application of p-adic analysis to models of spontaneous breaking of the replica symmetry