Evolutionary Economics の最近の発展

Fiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy. The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. xix, 303 pp. Bibliography. Index. $46.95, cloth. $18.95, paper.The conquest and colonization of Siberia is one of the most enduring themes of Russian history. Since Tsarist times, Russians have viewed this vast expanse of territory with a mixture of excitement and fear. For, while Siberia has been a veritable treasure chest of natural resource wealth, the very word also serves as a euphemism for the brutality of the Soviet regime towards its own citizens.In The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold, Fiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy offer their perspective on Siberia's past, present and future. Their main argument is very clear and resonates throughout the book. The authors assert that the combination of coerced settlement and Soviet economic planning forced or encouraged millions of people to settle in Siberia, who otherwise would not have left the warmer climes of European Russia. Compared to other northern countries, the Russian North, of which Siberia forms a large portion, is overpopulatcd. Large cities with cold climates, such as Novosibirsk, Omsk and Krasnoiarsk, dwarf their Circumpolar counterparts. According to the authors' calculations, the growth of these cities during the Soviet period decreased Russia's overall TPC (temperature per capita) and, as a result, dramatically increased the average costs of economic activity, thereby placing a significant drain on the Soviet and now Russian economy. In order to prosper in the future, the authors argue that Russia (read Siberia) needs to shrink. In their words, "Russia's metropolitan future should lie in the west, in the relative warmth-in European Russia" (p. 40), not in the large Siberian cities that resulted from decades of Soviet planning and forced relocation.Economically speaking, this book makes a very powerful statement about the development of Siberia in the twentieth century. The fact that 45 million people are living and working east of the Ural Mountains, often in very cold and inhospitable conditions, has indeed had a dramatic impact on the country's economy and society. While it is true that such conditions have contributed to the inefficiency of the economy, the authors are correct to point out that Russia's reliance on Siberia's natural resource wealth only strengthens the notion that Siberia and its current population should be supported, even though this makes little sense in strict economic terms and may place Russia on an economic development trajectory that is harmful in the long run.The authors acknowledge that some depopulation has taken place in the post-Soviet period. …

The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia out in the Cold

The philosophies of the quality discipline have been and are being established over a large period of our recent history by many contributors. How the profession defines “quality” has much to contribute to its fundamental philosophies. A comprehensive definition, suitable to the broad range of quality's involvement, is used in this paper to expose many of its philosophies.


Keywords:

aspects of quality;
business excellence;
CI;
common causes;
competition;
conservation;
consumers;
continuous improvement;
cost reduction;
design quality;
environment;
fact-based;
FMEA;
government;
innovation;
ISO 14000;
ISO 9000 quality management system;
JIT;
Kaizen;
leadership;
learning organization;
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award;
management;
manufactured quality;
metrology;
operations;
philosophy;
process;
productivity;
profitability;
profound knowledge;
prosperity;
QFD;
quality;
quality defined;
Six Sigma;
special causes;
strategic;
strategy;
suppliers;
TQM

Total Quality Management (TQM)

A technology is developed for 3D printing of the large-diameter gas-discharge chambers of electric rocket engines. The material employed is a ceramic composite based on silicon nitride.

3D Printing of Components for the Gas-Discharge Chamber of Electric Rocket Engines

The relevance of this study is caused by the growing role of digital technology in the organization and functioning of socio-economic relations. Universities and enterprises are actively using digital technology to realize their traditional functions. Digital transformation requires the adoption of an adequate government policy for the effective management of modern digital processes. The objective is to conduct a study of the digital transformation of universities and enterprises at the micro and macro levels of the socio-economic system and to formulate some recommendations on improving the efficiency and safety of using digital technologies. As special methods, the authors used the methods of sociological survey and statistical information processing. An institutional approach was used to analyze digitalization processes in the national socio-economic system. The most favorable institutions for the development of digital technologies were identified. A multilevel approach to the analysis of digitalization processes at the personal, organizational and institutional levels was also used. The study revealed a discrepancy in the level of development of the necessary digital competencies between universities and the real sector of the economy. The reason for this was the absence or insufficient development of relevant institutions: trust, competition, entrepreneurship, property rights. Some recommendations were formulated to improve the institutions that promote digitalization, depending on the level of socio-economic activity: personal, organizational, routine.

/pdf/digitalization-peculiarities-of-organizations-a-case-study-dgo8elsgav.pdf

Digitalization peculiarities of organizations: a case study

State support for innovation is considered for the example of research into the commercialization of new manufacturing products. Existing models for the support and stimulation of innovations are presented, and the development of state programs capable of stimulating export expansion on the basis of innovations in mechanical engineering is proposed.

Russian Support for Innovation and Export Growth

An important aspect of ensuring national security is state regulation of industry through federal institutes. In view of the scale of the threats to Russia’s national security, the constraints on federal resources, and the critical state of industrial enterprises, it is important to review the strategy and tools of state regulation. In particular, a change in orientation is required, with a focus on novel and nontraditional organizational and economic programs and with cross-financing of defense and civilian projects. However, that is associated with changes not only in the procedures for assessing the effectiveness of such programs but also in the concept of effectiveness itself. Accordingly, it is necessary to deal with a set of concepts and characteristics of effectiveness and also to develop basic procedures for the assessment of effectiveness. That reduces to assessing the expected results of an innovative project and the effectiveness of its implementation. A method for generating such predictive estimates is proposed.

Economic Assessment of Federal Scientific Programs

The strategic analysis required in the development of manufacturing enterprises is considered. Such analysis takes account of the functioning of high-technology manufacturing facilities and changing paradigms of strategic management. The stages of strategic analysis are outlined, along with its place in the development of the enterprise’s management strategy. A standard technological model of comprehensive strategic analysis is formulated. The methodology for its systematic implementation in practice is outlined. This model will prove useful for senior management, managers responsible for developing the enterprise’s strategy, and marketing specialists.

Strategic Analysis of the Development of High-Technology Manufacturing Facilities

In the present work, we consider the use of thermal stores in spacecraft heating systems. The advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to heat storage are compared. The use of heat stores with a melting working material is most promising and practicable at present.

Thermal Stores in Spacecraft Heating Systems

Reformation of the high-tech industry so as to compete effectively in global markets is considered, for the example of the Russian rocket and space industry. This entails new management models. The focus is on better utilizing existing technical and creative potential without significant additional investments. In other words, the existing industrial processes are intensified.

Sergey V. Novikov

Papers

Russian Support for Innovation and Export Growth

Economic Assessment of Federal Scientific Programs

Strategic Analysis of the Development of High-Technology Manufacturing Facilities

Thermal Stores in Spacecraft Heating Systems

Corporate Structure for Innovative Enterprises