Over the past three decades, a rich historiography on nineteenth-century Hawaiʻi has argued that too often the islands have been understood as marginal, and their people as passive in the f...

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Hawaiian history and American history: integration or separation?

This article asks whether and how J Z Smith9s contention that religion is a “non-native category” might be applied to the discipline of history It looks at how nineteenth-century Americans constructed their own understandings of “proper history”—authenticatable, didactic, and progressive—against the supposed historylessness of “heathen” Hawaiians and stagnation of “pagan” Chinese “True” history, for these nineteenth-century historians, changed in the past and pointed to change in the future The article asks historians to think about how they might be replicating some of the same assumptions about forward-moving history by focusing on change over time as a core component of historical narration It urges historians to instead also incorporate the native historical imaginations of our subjects into our own methods, paying attention to when those imaginations are cyclical and reiterative as well as directional, and letting our subjects’ assumptions about time and history, often shaped by religious perspectives, orient our own decisions about how to structure the stories we tell

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DA7E632BCB10C1A72DC6D95AE113783B/S1052115100003858a.pdf/div-class-title-the-historyless-heathen-and-the-stagnating-pagan-history-as-non-native-category-div.pdf

The Historyless Heathen and the Stagnating Pagan: History as Non-Native Category?

This thesis examines debates over the meaning of "free labor" in nineteenth century Hawaii. It argues that "free labor" was a sufficiently expansive concept that American missionaries and settlers intent on introducing "free labor" to Hawaii as part of their "civilizing" mission actually laid the foundations for sugar plantation agriculture, which had historically been associated with enslaved labor elsewhere in the world. The malleability of "free labor" as a concept allowed Hawaii's sugar planters to defend Hawaii's labor system against accusations of using unfree labor. It also justified state intervention by the Hawaiian government for schemes to import East Asian indentured labor for the plantations. Ironically, although Americans had created Hawaii's indentured labor system, the American annexation of Hawaii in 1898 resulted in the end of this system. This paper argues that this development resulted from the imposition of a different definition of "free labor," which had developed on the mainland in tandem with the movement for Asian exclusion, which viewed Asian migrants as unfree "coolies." TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Hawaiian Emancipation? 1 Bibliography 44

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Hawaiian Emancipation?: Slavery, Free Labor, and Indentured Labor in Nineteenth-Century Hawaii

Liminal Encounters and the Missionary Position: New England's Sexual Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778-1840

Between 1987 and 2006 Fiji experienced four coups in which Governments were overthrown by their military forces or parts of it. After the fourth coup in December 2006 old metropolitan friends such as Australia, New Zealand, the USA and the EU responded with travel sanctions, cancellation of military cooperation and frozen development assistance. When Fiji was politically isolated it fostered secondary political friendships of olden days and established new ones. The paper searches for evidence of Fiji’s agency to change the structure of its International Relations (IR) after the coup of 2000. Such relations were first shaped in Prime Minister Qarase’s ‘Look North’ policy, but following the coup of December 2006 Fiji’s IR took a new quality once political isolation was overcome and internal power stabilized. The paper concentrates on Indo-Fijian relations, which, however, are embedded in Fiji’s general effort to achieve greater independence from old friends by forcing new international relationships. Of particular interest in this context is, if Fiji’s political orientation after 2006 has just been a temporary necessity born out of political isolation or if Fiji’s policy of fostering South–South relations will remain a decisive element of the country’s foreign policy in the long term. To understand IR in the context of Fiji and India it is essential to look at both countries, their interests and agency. Looking at Fiji alone would leave the question unanswered, why Indian Governments had an interest to cooperate with the country in the Pacific Islands despite hard-core nationalist anti-Indian sentiments and politics pursued in Fiji after the coup of 2000. It also won’t be conclusive why India should be interested at all to foster high profile relations with a tiny country like Fiji in a situation when Indian governments were aiming at much higher goals.

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Looking north or looking anywhere? Indo-Fijian international relations after the coups of May 2000 and December 2006

This article examines the activities and perspectives of nineteenth-century American missionary physicians in the Hawaiian Islands. The physicians' attitudes toward Hawaiian morbidity and depopulation are viewed in relation to the greater missionary community's role in the political transformation of the island nation. The article argues that missionary physicians monitored and reported on Native Hawaiian depopulation (a result of introduced western diseases) while simultaneously advertising the islands' benefits to American consumptives, imperialists, and others. Mission doctors also failed to respond effectively to the greatest epidemiological crisis Hawai'i had ever faced: a venereal scourge with a resulting blight of Native Hawaiian infertility. As a result of these and other factors, American hegemony in Hawai'i by midcentury was a foregone conclusion.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/phr.2010.79.4.513

Seth Archer

Papers

Remedial agents: missionary physicians and the depopulation of Hawai'i.