Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.

Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.

https://northumbria-test.eprints-hosting.org/id/document/268389

A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors.

Introduction. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies. Types of Seed Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank. Causes of Within-Species Variations in Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Subject Index.

A Definitive Book on Seed Ecology@@@Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

Residential landscapes are a common setting of human-environment interactions. These ubiquitous ecosystems provide social and ecological services, and yard maintenance leads to intended and unintended ecological outcomes. The ecological characteristics of residential landscapes and the human drivers of landscape management have been the focus of disciplinary studies, often at a single scale of analysis. However, an interdisciplinary examination of residential landscapes is needed to understand the feedbacks and tradeoffs of these complex adaptive social-ecological systems as a whole. Our aim is to synthesize the diversity of perspectives, scales of analysis, and findings from the literature in order to 1) contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes and 2) identify research needs while providing a robust conceptual approach for future studies. We synthesize 256 studies from the literature and develop an interdisciplinary, multi-scalar framework on residential landscape dynamics. Complex human drivers (attitudinal, structural, and institutional factors) at multiple scales influence management practices and the feedbacks with biophysical characteristics of residential landscapes. However, gaps exist in our interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes within four key but understudied areas: 1) the link between social drivers and ecological outcomes of management decisions, 2) the ecosystem services provided by these landscapes to residents, 3) the interactions of social drivers and ecological characteristics across scales, and 4) generalizations of patterns and processes across cities. Our systems perspective will help to guide future interdisciplinary collaborations to integrate theories and research methods across geographic locations and spatial scales.

Residential landscapes as social-ecological systems: a synthesis of multi-scalar interactions between people and their home environment

contributed by a variety of authors in which different strategies for insect control are discussed. All the content is contributed by authors from the USA, with the exception of a chapter on enhancing insect resitance in rice written by authors from the International Rice Research Institute, and a chapter on Bt crystal proteins by Marnix Peferoen, whose competent contribution certainly does not suggest that he was included as a “token European”! The emphasis on American authors (and research) gives this book a rather onesided feel, although many of the individual chapters do take a more wide-ranging view. Inevitably, the volume is a little selective, even as a survey of research in the USA; for example, although the possible role of peroxidases in plant defence against insects is discussed at length, other oxidative enzymes that are equally likely to play a role in defence, such as lipoxygenases and polyphenol oxidases, are not mentioned. The volume is built around three chapters on the use of Bt toxins for insect control, which is entirely appropriate given the widespread use of their encoding genes, with applications in transgenic maize and potatoes described in detail. However, alternatives to the expression of Bt toxins in transgenic plants, such as the introduction of genes encoding foreign protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, lectins, cholesterol oxidase, and chitinases are given full coverage, as are some less well-developed areas such as manipulation of secondary metabolism. There are also good chapters on the more applied aspects of using transgenics, such as managing engineered resistance. Inevitably, some chapters are better than others, but the standard is generally good, and no chapter is unworthy of inclusion. The volume as a whole is very well produced, and the quality of the figures is high; however, the index is not wholly accurate, although it is quite thorough. All in all, this is a volume that can be confidently recommended as a sound purchase for libraries, and for individual researchers with interest in the subject area.

Introduction to Plant Physiology. Edited by W.G. Hopkins

The important role of fruits in human health and nutrition has been better understood with the recent studies on biochemical contents of fruits having antioxidant properties Being one of the similar studies, in this study, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), phenolic compound, organic acid, and vitamin C contents of three plum species (Prunus domestica L, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh, and Prunus spinosa L) grown in Van locality (Turkey) were identified, and the correlation between the measured values was investigated Phenolic compound, organic acid, and vitamin C contents were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method Analysis of phenolic compound indicated that chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound, and the highest value was measured in P spinosa L as 12985 mg kg−1 Malic acid was the predominant organic acids and the highest value was measured in P spinosa L as 1245 g 100 g−1 The highest TAC and vitamin C contents were also measured in P spinosa L as 102

Determination of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and organic acids contents of Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus spinosa L. fruits by HPLC

A rose hip is the fruit of a rose plant and mostly belongs to Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis. These species are genuine found as wild in natural conditions, while in some countries are cultivated for their hips that are picked and used in a wide variety of preparations. Because they contain a variety of antioxidants, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, leucoanthocyanins and catechins, rose hips are considered to be a good cancer preventative. The Rosa genus has been the focus of many recent studies due to its potential benefic effects on treatment and prevention of several diseases. However, there are few in vitro studies concerning its composition and antioxidant capacity. The aim of the present study was to determine bioactive content, including ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and antioxidant activity of Rosa dumalis genotypes growing wild in Erzurum province located eastern Anatolia. The results revealed that fruits of Rosa dumalis different genotypes were rich rich in terms of vitamin C, which ranged from 402 to 511 mg/100 g fresh weight base. The total phenolic content varied from 297 to 403 mg/100 g fresh weight. The genotype 'E-09' had the highest total flavonoids content (229 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g fresh weight) and the lowest value was attributed to genotype 'E-04' with 143 mg/ quercetin equivalent/100 g fresh weight. The antioxidant activity of the genotypes was between 12.9-28.6 I¼g Trolox/ml samples. The results revealed that there was enough diversity among Rosa dumalis genotypes for bioactive content and promising genotypes, with high bioactive content, were determined, which can become study material for future breeding activities.

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Bioactive Content of Rose Hips of Different Wildly Grown Rosa dumalis Genotypes

Inhibitory potential of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Viola odorata L. (VO) was investigated against tyrosinase (TYR) and cholinesterases by microplate assays. The antioxidant activity was tested using six in vitro assays. Only the ethanol extract inhibited TYR (80.23 ± 0.87% at 100 µg mL-1 ), whereas none of them were able to inhibit cholinesterases. The extracts were more able to scavenge NO radical (31.98 ± 0.53-56.68 ± 1.10%) than other radicals tested, and displayed low to moderate activity in the rest of the assays. HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of VO contained a substantial amount of vitexin (18.81 ± 0.047 mg g-1 extract), while the ethanol extract also possessed rutin (1.31 ± 0.013 mg g-1 extract) and vitexin (4.65 ± 0.103 mg g-1 extract). Furthermore, three flavonoids (rutin, isovitexin, and kaempferol-6-glucoside) were isolated from the ethanol extract. This is the first report on TYR inhibitory activity of VO as well as presence of vitexin and isovitexin in this species. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tyrosinase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Flavonoid Characterization of Viola odorata L. (Sweet Violet)

Trace heavy metal and mineral levels in four different sites of Rosa canina L. fruits from the Van region of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The trace heavy metal contents and mineral of Rosa canina L. fruit samples were found in the ranges: 6.01-9.29 ppm) for copper, 0.0063-0.0248 ppm for cadmium, 0.1110.273 ppm for lead, 0.03280.0830 ppm for cobalt, 35.29-66.7 ppm for manganese, 21.94-30.87 ppm for iron, 7.98-13.32 ppm for zinc, 294.08392.33 ppm for magnesium, 1395.88-1792.70 ppm for calcium, 1323.121358.27 ppm for sodium and 2106.48-2445.17 ppm for potassium. Results obtained are in agreement with data reported in the literature.

Trace Heavy Metal Contents and Mineral of Rosa Canina L. Fruits from Van Region of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) plants, also called Mexican or Aztec marigold, with symptoms of shoot proliferation, dwarfing, and reddening were observed in ornamental gardens of Van Province (Turkey). Five plants, two of them showing reddening and three symptomless plants, were sampled at the end of September 2014. Genomic DNA isolated from symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plant leaves was used to amplify 16S rDNA fragments by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 5 marigold samples tested by PCR, only the two showing reddening symptoms yielded the expected 1.2-kb DNA fragments. Amplified PCR fragments were cloned into a plasmid vector and transformed into competent Escherichia coli strain JM 109. Recombinant plasmid DNA was isolated and sequenced bidirectionally. The provided sequences were 1244 bp and 1245 bp in length and were designated as isolate 1 and isolate 2, respectively. BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis confirmed the presence of the phytoplasma "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani". The in silico virtual RFLP pattern of isolate 1, based on the 16S rDNA F2n/R2 fragment, was identical (similarity coefficient 1.00) to the reference pattern of 16Sr group XII, subgroup A (GenBank accession no.: AF248959). Isolate 1 was identified as a member of 16SrXII-A. Based on the same analyses, isolate 2 showed molecular characteristics different from reference patterns of all previously established 16Sr groups and subgroups. The most similar was the reference pattern of 16Sr group XII, subgroup A (GenBank accession no.: AF248959), with a similarity coefficient of 0.97. This is the first report of naturally occurring "Ca. P. solani" affecting T. erecta, which shows that this plant species is an alternate host of the agent.

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Şevket Alp

Papers

Determination of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and organic acids contents of Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus spinosa L. fruits by HPLC

Bioactive Content of Rose Hips of Different Wildly Grown Rosa dumalis Genotypes

Tyrosinase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Flavonoid Characterization of Viola odorata L. (Sweet Violet)

Trace Heavy Metal Contents and Mineral of Rosa Canina L. Fruits from Van Region of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

First report of ?Candidatus Phytoplasma solani? on a newhost marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)