This paper is the introduction to the forthcoming Macroeconomic Dynamics Special Issue on Measurement with Theory. The Guest Editors of the special issue are William A. Barnett, W. Erwin Diewert, Shigeru Iwata, and Arnold Zellner. The authors of this detailed introduction and commentary are William A. Barnett, W. Erwin Diewert, and Arnold Zellner. The included papers are part of a larger initiative to promote measurement with theory in economics.

Introduction to Measurement with Theory

Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index(WOSI)をどう臨床に還元するか

Stretching is often included as part of a warm-up procedure for basketball activity. However, the efficacy of stretching with respect to sport performance has come into question. We determined the effects of 4 different warm-up protocols followed by 20 minutes of basketball activity on flexibility and vertical jump height. Subjects participated in 6 weeks (2 times per week) of warm-up and basketball activity. The warm-up groups participated in ballistic stretching, static stretching, sprinting, or basketball shooting (control group). We asked 3 questions. First, what effect does 6 weeks of warm-up exercise and basketball play have on both flexibility and vertical jump height? We measured sit and reach and vertical jump height before (week −1) and after (week 7) the 6 weeks. Flexibility increased for the ballistic, static, and sprint groups compared to the control group (p < 0.0001), while vertical jump height did not change for any of the groups. Our second question was what is the acute effect of each warm-up on vertical jump height? We measured vertical jump immediately after the warm-up on 4 separate occasions during the 6 weeks (at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6). Vertical jump height was not different for any group. Finally, our third question was what is the acute effect of each warm-up on vertical jump height following 20 minutes of basketball play? We measured vertical jump height immediately following 20 minutes of basketball play at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Only the ballistic stretching group demonstrated an acute increase in vertical jump 20 minutes after basketball play (p < 0.05). Coaches should consider using ballistic stretching as a warm-up for basketball play, as it is beneficial to vertical jump performance.

Ballistic Stretching Increases Flexibility and Acute Vertical Jump Height When Combined with Basketball Activity

Lymphedema is an incurable, debilitating and progressive condition, leading to physical and psychosocial consequences for the patients, if left untreated. The Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) specialist is responsible for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of the patient to tailor management and rehabilitation strategies. Therefore, the PMR specialist must have knowledge and education on the diagnosis of disease and possible complications as well as evaluation, treatment and follow-up of the patient. In this review, the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of lymphedema as well as preventive strategies and follow-up strategies are discussed in the light of the current literature.

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Lymphedema diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up from the view point of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists.

Background:Very few studies have compared open Latarjet versus arthroscopic Latarjet procedures.Purpose:To compare the clinical and computed tomographic outcomes between open and arthroscopic Latar...

Arthroscopic Versus Open Latarjet in the Treatment of Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Dislocation With Marked Glenoid Bone Loss: A Prospective Comparative Study:

Purpose: In sports medicine, the use of kinesiologic tape has recently gained popularity. Although widely used, there is no study examining the effects of kinesiologic tape on soft tissue after a contusion injury. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of kinesiologic taping on epidermal–dermal distance, edema, pain and inflammation after experimentally induced contusion injury. Methods: Twelve adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups: (1) 30 min group: n = 6, weight range: 182.0–199.4 g; and (2) 6 h group: n = 6, weight range: 186.9–200.8 g. After soft-tissue trauma, tape was applied to the right sides of each rat. In one group, tape was applied for 30 min while 6 h in the other. To assess the epidermal–dermal distance and edematous area, tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined. Tissue sections were stained with nerve growth factor (NGF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) immunohistochemically to evaluate the effect of taping on pain and infla...

Effects of kinesiologic taping on epidermal–dermal distance, pain, edema and inflammation after experimentally induced soft tissue trauma

The Lower Extremity Functional Scale is a widely used questionnaire to evaluate the functional impairment in lower extremities. To date, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale has not been translated into Turkish. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the Lower Extremity Functional Scale into a Turkish version, and evaluate the psychometric properties of this version in patients with knee injuries. The translation of the English version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale into a Turkish version was performed using standard guidelines. Validity and reliability of Turkish version were tested in 134 patients with knee injuries. Association level between other outcomes measures (Kujala Patellofemoral Score, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale and a Visual Analog Scale) and Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was analyzed to assess validation. Participants completed the questionnaire at baseline and after 2 days to test reliability. The Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was showed a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.93). ICCs were 0.96 and no floor or ceiling effects. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale had a high level of association with the Kujala Patellofemoral Score (r = 0.82), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (r = 0.80) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores (r = 0.69) (all, p < 0.05). The Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale is a valid and reliable questionnaire that can be used to evaluate functional status in Turkish speaking patients with different knee disorders. Level of evidence: III.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on patients with knee injuries.

Study design Validation of a self-report questionnaire. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire. Summary of background data Low back pain is one of the most frequent disorders leading to activity limitation. This pain affects most of people in their lives. The most important point to evaluate patient's functional abilities and to decide a successful therapy procedure is to manage the assessment questionnaires precisely. Methods One hundred ten patients with chronic low back pain were included in present study. To assess reliability, test-retest and internal consistency analyses were applied. The results of test-retest analysis were assessed by using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient method (95% confidence interval). For internal consistency, Cronbach alpha value was calculated. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of construct validity. For construct validity, factor analysis and convergent validity were tested. For convergent validity, total points of the Bournemouth Questionnaire were assessed with the total points of Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire by using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Results Cronbach alpha value was found 0.914, showing that this questionnaire has high internal consistency. The results of test-retest analysis were varying between 0.851 and 0.927, which shows that test-retest results are highly correlated. Factor analysis test indicated that this questionnaire had one factor. Pearson correlation coefficient of the Bournemouth Questionnaire with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire was calculated 0.703 and it was found with Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale is 0.659. These results showed that the Bournemouth Questionnaire is very good correlated with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Conclusion The Turkish version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire is valid and reliable. Level of evidence 3.

Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Turkish Version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) on delayed onset muscle soreness. Design: Randomized controlled study. Setting: Clinical laboratory. Participa...

Effects of Kinesio Taping on the Relief of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

One way to measure the effectiveness of a specific treatment is to utilize measurements designed specifically for the disorder. Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) is a subjective self-report scale indicating the latest condition of the patients with shoulder instability. The objective is to study the cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of WOSI in Turkish population with shoulder disability. First, WOSI was translated and culturally adapted from English into Turkish. Afterward, in order to determine the level of reliability, internal consistency and test–retest analyses were conducted. Reliability (test–retest) analyses were conducted by means of retest 72 h later with a sub-group of 30 patients. Construct validity of the WOSI was checked through convergent validity with Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scale, Rowe Score Questionnaire, Oxford Shoulder Instability Questionnaire, and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index by 60 patients with shoulder instability. The Turkish version of the questionnaire displayed high internal consistency (0.77–0.91) with a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.91. As for the test–retest reliability, the ICC value was found to be high (95% CI 0.97). Floor and ceiling effects (15%) were observed neither in sub-parameters (0–4.9%) nor in total score (0%). WOSI total score was found to have a negative good correlation with the Rowe Score (r = −0.57) and a very good–excellent correlation with other questionnaires (r = 0.67–0.89). The Turkish version of WOSI is a valid and reliable scale for use in studies to evaluate the final condition of the patients with shoulder disabilities.

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Papers

Effects of kinesiologic taping on epidermal–dermal distance, pain, edema and inflammation after experimentally induced soft tissue trauma

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on patients with knee injuries.

Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Turkish Version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire.

Effects of Kinesio Taping on the Relief of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version.