Metabolites reflect the integration of gene expression, protein interaction and other different regulatory processes and are therefore closer to the phenotype than mRNA transcripts or proteins alone. Amongst all –omics technologies, metabolomics is the most transversal and can be applied to different organisms with little or no modifications. It has been successfully applied to the study of molecular phenotypes of plants in response to abiotic stress in order to find particular patterns associated to stress tolerance. These studies have highlighted the essential involvement of primary metabolites: sugars, amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates as direct markers of photosynthetic dysfunction as well as effectors of osmotic readjustment. On the contrary, secondary metabolites are more specific of genera and species and respond to particular stress conditions as antioxidants, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavengers, coenzymes, UV and excess radiation screen and also as regulatory molecules. In addition, the induction of secondary metabolites by several abiotic stress conditions could also be an effective mechanism of cross-protection against biotic threats, providing a link between abiotic and biotic stress responses. Moreover, the presence/absence and relative accumulation of certain metabolites along with gene expression data provides accurate markers (mQTL or MWAS) for tolerant crop selection in breeding programs.

Metabolomics as a tool to investigate abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

The first haploid angiosperm, a dwarf form of cotton with half the normal chromosome complement, was discovered in 1920, and in the ninety years since then such plants have been identified in many other species. They can occur either spontaneously or can be induced by modified pollination methods in vivo, or by in vitro culture of immature male or female gametophytes. Haploids represent an immediate, one-stage route to homozygous diploids and thence to F(1) hybrid production. The commercial exploitation of heterosis in such F(1) hybrids leads to the development of hybrid seed companies and subsequently to the GM revolution in agriculture. This review describes the range of techniques available for the isolation or induction of haploids and discusses their value in a range of areas, from fundamental research on mutant isolation and transformation, through to applied aspects of quantitative genetics and plant breeding. It will also focus on how molecular methods have been used recently to explore some of the underlying aspects of this fascinating developmental phenomenon.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00498.x

Haploids in flowering plants: origins and exploitation.

Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping.

Plant breeding and improved management options have made remarkable progress in increasing crop yields during the past century. However, climate change projections suggest that large yield losses will be occurring in many regions, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The development of climate-ready germplasm to offset these losses is of the upmost importance. Given the time lag between the development of improved germplasm and adoption in farmers’ fields, the development of improved breeding pipelines needs to be a high priority. Recent advances in molecular breeding provide powerful tools to accelerate breeding gains and dissect stress adaptation. This review focuses on achievements in stress tolerance breeding and physiology and presents future tools for quick and efficient germplasm development. Sustainable agronomic and resource management practices can effectively contribute to climate change mitigation. Management options to increase maize system resilience to climate-related stresses and mitigate the effects of future climate change are also discussed.

/pdf/maize-production-in-a-changing-climate-impacts-adaptation-1jdqtvsiwu.pdf

Maize production in a changing climate: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies

Waterlogging affects large areas of agricultural land, resulting in severe economic penalties because of massive losses in crop production. Traditionally, plant breeding for waterlogging tolerance has been based on the field assessment of a range of agronomic and morphological characteristics. This review argues for a need to move towards more physiologically based approaches by targeting specific cellular mechanisms underling key components of waterlogging tolerance in plants. Also, while the main focus of researchers was predominantly on plant anoxia tolerance, less attention was given to plant tolerance to phytotoxins under waterlogged conditions. This paper reviews the production of major elemental and organic phytotoxins in waterlogged soils and describes their adverse effects on plant performance. The critical role of plasma membrane transporters in plant tolerance to secondary metabolite toxicity is highlighted, and ionic mechanisms mediating the this tolerance are discussed. A causal link between the secondary metabolite-induced disturbances to cell ionic homeostasis and programmed cell death is discussed, and a new ethylene-independent pathway for aerenchyma formation is put forward. It is concluded that plant breeding for waterlogging tolerance may significantly benefit from targeting mechanisms of tolerance to phytotoxins.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03575.x

Physiological and cellular aspects of phytotoxicity tolerance in plants: the role of membrane transporters and implications for crop breeding for waterlogging tolerance

Mapping of QTL associated with waterlogging tolerance during the seedling stage in maize.

In vivo haploid production induced by inducer lines derived from Stock 6 is widely used in breeding program of maize (Zea mays L.), but the mechanisms behind have not yet been fully understood. In this study, average frequency of haploid induction in four inbred lines by Stock 6-derived inducer line HZI1 was above 10%. About 0.2% kernels from the cross Hua24 x HZI1 had mosaic endosperm showing yellow shrunken parts from Hua24 to normal parts with purple aleurone from HZI1. Individual lagged chromosomes and micronuclei were observed in mitotic cells of ovules pollinated by HZI1. Above 56.4% of the radicles from the kernels with purple aleurone and colorless embryos were mixoploid (2n = 9-21), and more than 45.22% cells were haploid cells (2n = 10) in three crosses. More than 62.5% of the radicles from the kernels with purple aleurone and purple embryos were mixoploid (2n = 9-21) having 54.27% cells with 2n = 20. SSR analysis showed that all haploids from the cross Hua24 x HZI1 shared the same genomic compositions as Hua24 except for plants Nos. 862 and 857 with some polymorphic DNA bands. The results revealed that chromosome elimination after fertilization caused the haploid production in maize.

/pdf/chromosome-elimination-and-in-vivo-haploid-production-2x8lqgalch.pdf

Chromosome elimination and in vivo haploid production induced by Stock 6-derived inducer line in maize (Zea mays L.)

The invention provides a rapid germination accelerating and impurity removing method for maize haploid seeds. The method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting primarily sieved maize pseudohaploid seeds, soaking the seeds in clear water and sterilizing the seeds in formalin which is diluted by 75-100 times; (2) soaking the seeds in seed soaking liquid for 20-28 hours, wherein the seed soaking liquid comprises distilled water, compound sodium nitrophenolate and 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, and the ratio of the distilled water, the compound sodium nitrophenolate and the 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (v: v: v) is equal to 4,000-6,000: 1: 50-75; (3) removing foreign seeds with purple marks on embryo parts; (4) accelerating germination at constant temperature; and (5) when the lengths of seedlings are greater than 1 centimeter, removing hybrid seedlings with purple coleoptiles. By the method, the foreign seeds and the hybrid seedlings can be simply and conveniently distinguished in a seed soaking and germination accelerating stage, and the hybrid rate of the final seedlings is reduced to be below 5%; only 72-90 hours are required from soaking of the haploid seeds to the stage at which the seedlings extend by the distance of 2-4 centimeters, germination time is greatly shortened, and the rate of infection is 5% or below; and the seedlings can be simply and conveniently treated nondestructively.

Shangzhong Xu

Papers

Mapping of QTL associated with waterlogging tolerance during the seedling stage in maize.

Chromosome elimination and in vivo haploid production induced by Stock 6-derived inducer line in maize (Zea mays L.)

Rapid germination accelerating and impurity removing method for maize haploid seeds