Section I: Anatomy Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum, Kidneys, and Ureters Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genitalia Section II: Clinical Decision Making Evaluation of the Urologic Patient: History, Physical Examination, and Urinalysis Urinary Tract Imaging: Basic Principles Outcomes Research Section III: Basics of Urologic Surgery Basic Instrumentation and Cystoscopy Basics of Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery Section IV: Infections and Inflammation Infections of the Urinary Tract-A. Schaeffer Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract Interstitial Cystitis and Related Disorders Sexually Transmitted and Associated Diseases Urological Implications of AIDS and Related Conditions Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia Tuberculosis and Other Opportunistic Infections of the Genitourinary System Section V: Molecular and Cellular Biology Basic Principles of Immunology Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Tissue Engineering Perspectives for Reconstructive Surgery Section VI: Reproductive and Sexual Function Male Reproductive Physiology Male Infertility Surgical Management of Male Infertility Physiology of Erectile Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, Nonsurgical Management Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Erectile Dysfunction Prosthetic Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Peyronie's Disease Priapism Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction Section VII: Male Genitalia Neoplasms of the Testis Surgery of Testicular Tumors Tumors of the Penis Surgery of Penile and Urethral Carcinoma Surgery of the Penis and Urethra Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles Section VIII: Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renovascular Hypertension Section IX: Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma Pathophysiology of Obstruction Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction Upper Urinary Tract Trauma Section X: Renal Failure and Transplantation Renal Transplantation Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Renal Failure Section XI: Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology Urinary Lithiasis: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi Ureteroscopy and Retrograde Ureteral Access Percutaneous Approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract Section XII: Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract Renal Tumors Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Open Surgery of the Kidney Laparoscopic Surgery of the Kidney Ablative Therapy for Renal Tumors Section XIII: The Adrenals Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders Surgery of the Adrenals Section XIV: Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra Pathophysiology, Categorization, and Management of Voiding Dysfunction Urodynamic and Video dynamic Evaluation of Voiding Dysfunction Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract Urinary Incontinence: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Overview of Management The Overactive Bladder Pharmacologic Management of Storage and Emptying Failure Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence: Behavioral and Pelvic Floor Therapy, Urethral and Pelvic Devices Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery for Sphincteric Incontinence Pubovaginal Slings Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedures Injection Therapy for Urinary Incontinence Additional Treatment for Storage and Emptying Failure Geriatric Voiding Dysfunction and Urinary Incontinence Urinary Tract Fistulae Bladder and Urethral Diverticula Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male: The Artificial Genitourinary Sphincter Perineal Sling Procedures Section XV: Bladder Lower Genitourinary Calculi and Trauma Urothelial Tumors of the Bladder Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer Management of Metastatic and Invasive Bladder Cancer Surgery of Bladder Cancer Laparoscopic Bladder Surgery Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion Orthotopic Urinary Diversion Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma Lower Urinary Tract Calculi Section XVI: Prostate Molecular Biology, Endocrinology, and Physiology of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Natural History, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Retropubic and Superpubic Open Radical Prostatectomy Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasms Ultrasonography and Biopsy of the Prostate Tumor Markers in Prostate Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging of Prostate Cancer Definitive Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer: Outcomes Expectant Management of Prostate Cancer Anatomic Retrograde Retropubic Prostatectomy Radical Perineal Prostatectomy Laparoscopic and Robotic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Cryotherapy of Prostate Cancer Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Management of Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen after Definitive Therapy Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer Management of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer Section XVII: Pediatric Urology Normal and Anomalous Development of the Urinary Tract Renal Function in the Fetus Congenital Obstructive Uropathy Perinatal Urology Evaluation of Pediatric Urologic Patient Renal Disease in Childhood Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children Anomalies of the Kidney Renal Dysplasia and Cystic Disease of Kidney Anomalies and Surgery of the Ureteropelvic Junction Ectopic Ureter Vesicoureteral Reflux Prune-Belly Syndrome Exstrophy and Epispadias Complex Surgical Technique for One-Stage Exstrophy Reconstruction Bladder Anomalies in Children Posterior Urethral Valves and Other Urethral Anomalies Voiding Dysfunction in Children: Neurogenic and Non-neurogenic Urinary Tract Reconstruction Hypospadias Abnormalities of External Genitalia in Boys Abnormalities of Testis and Scrotum: Surgical Management Sexual Differentiation: Normal and Abnormal Surgical Management of Intersex Pediatric Oncology Pediatric Endourology and Laparoscopy Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma

Campbell-Walsh urology

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Serum inhibin B as a marker of spermatogenesis

Pathogenesis of the Prune-Belly Syndrome: A Functional Urethral Obstruction Caused by Prostatic Hypoplasia

Epidemiological Features of Wilms’ Tumor: Results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study

Authors' conclusions The body of the reviewed literature on cryptorchidism comprise primarily fairand poor-quality studies, which limits our ability to draw definitive conclusions. No specific imaging technique is able to completely identify anorchia or position of the undescended testicles and thus eliminate the need for further surgical evaluation. Accuracy of imaging is related to location of the testicles, with less invasive methods demonstrating poor accuracy for abdominally located testicles and those that are atrophied. Hormonal stimulation testing may predict anorchia, but evidence is insufficient, with only two studies of fewer than 50 participants. Hormonal treatment is marginally effective relative to placebo, but it is successful in some children and has minimal side effects, suggesting that it may be an appropriate trial of care for some patients. Surgical options are effective, with high rates of testicular descent (moderate strength of evidence for Fowler-Stephens procedures, high for primary orchiopexy). Comparable outcomes occur with laparoscopic and open approaches.

Shanthi Krishnaswami

Papers

Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism