Timely and accurate change detection of Earth's surface features is extremely important for understanding relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena in order to promote better decision making. Remote sensing data are primary sources extensively used for change detection in recent decades. Many change detection techniques have been developed. This paper summarizes and reviews these techniques. Previous literature has shown that image differencing, principal component analysis and post-classification comparison are the most common methods used for change detection. In recent years, spectral mixture analysis, artificial neural networks and integration of geographical information system and remote sensing data have become important techniques for change detection applications. Different change detection algorithms have their own merits and no single approach is optimal and applicable to all cases. In practice, different algorithms are often compared to find the best change detection results for a specific application. Research of change detection techniques is still an active topic and new techniques are needed to effectively use the increasingly diverse and complex remotely sensed data available or projected to be soon available from satellite and airborne sensors. This paper is a comprehensive exploration of all the major change detection approaches implemented as found in the literature.

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Change detection techniques

Surface area change detection of the Burullus Lagoon, North of the Nile Delta, Egypt, using water indices: A remote sensing approach

AbstractWith the major advancements in the field of technology and electronics, one persistent obstacle has proven to be one of the major challenges, namely : Data Security. To get connected securely and quickly through the electronic data transfer through the web, the data should be encrypted. Encryption is the process of transforming plain text into ciphered-text, which cannot be understood or altered easily by undesirable people. It can also be defined as the science that uses mathematics in data encryption and decryption operations. In this paper, we discuss several important algorithms used for the encryption and decryption of data in all fields, to make a comparative study for most important algorithms in terms of data security effectiveness, key size, complexity and time, etc. This research focused on different types of cryptography algorithms that are existing, like AES, DES, TDES, DSA, RSA, ECC, EEE and CR4...etc.

A Survey on Cryptography Algorithms

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the key technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (or Industry 4.0), which can be used for the protection of Internet-connected systems from cyber threats, attacks, damage, or unauthorized access. To intelligently solve today’s various cybersecurity issues, popular AI techniques involving machine learning and deep learning methods, the concept of natural language processing, knowledge representation and reasoning, as well as the concept of knowledge or rule-based expert systems modeling can be used. Based on these AI methods, in this paper, we present a comprehensive view on “AI-driven Cybersecurity” that can play an important role for intelligent cybersecurity services and management. The security intelligence modeling based on such AI methods can make the cybersecurity computing process automated and intelligent than the conventional security systems. We also highlight several research directions within the scope of our study, which can help researchers do future research in the area. Overall, this paper’s ultimate objective is to serve as a reference point and guidelines for cybersecurity researchers as well as industry professionals in the area, especially from an intelligent computing or AI-based technical point of view.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42979-021-00557-0.pdf

AI-Driven Cybersecurity: An Overview, Security Intelligence Modeling and Research Directions

Context: Diversification and obfuscation are promising techniques for securing software and protecting computers from harmful malware. The goal of these techniques is not removing the security holes, but making it difficult for the attacker to exploit security vulnerabilities and perform successful attacks. Objective: There is an increasing body of research on the use of diversification and obfuscation techniques for improving software security; however, the overall view is scattered and the terminology is unstructured. Therefore, a coherent review gives a clear statement of state-of-the-art, normalizes the ongoing discussion and provides baselines for future research. Method: In this paper, systematic literature review is used as the method of the study to select the studies that discuss diversification/obfuscation techniques for improving software security. We present the process of data collection, analysis of data, and report the results. Results: As the result of the systematic search, we collected 357 articles relevant to the topic of our interest, published between the years 1993 and 2017. We studied the collected articles, analyzed the extracted data from them, presented classification of the data, and enlightened the research gaps. Conclusion: The two techniques have been extensively used for various security purposes and impeding various types of security attacks. There exist many different techniques to obfuscate/diversify programs, each of which targets different parts of the programs and is applied at different phases of software development life-cycle. Moreover, we pinpoint the research gaps in this field, for instance that there are still various execution environments that could benefit from these two techniques, including cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and trusted computing. We also present some potential ideas on applying the techniques on the discussed environments.

Diversification and Obfuscation Techniques for Software Security: a Systematic Literature Review

Computer information has taken over many aspects of everyday life. One of those aspects has been smart grids which have evolved into a more complex system. However, with the advantages that smart grids come with, disadvantages concerning the security of those smart grids. Concerns regarding the compromise of the system have been issues of debate in the recent years. With that said, there are several encryption algorithms that are commonly used to secure and cipher the sensitive data from being stolen or altered. This work presents a survey and a comparison between the most well-known algorithms to help ensure security for those systems. The algorithms that were selected for this work are AES, DES, TDES, E-DES, RSA and BLOWFISH. The comparison is set between to find the effectiveness, key size, complexity and time required between those algorithms. The performance evaluation of these algorithms is evaluated using MATLAB.

Investigation of cryptography algorithms used for security and privacy protection in smart grid

Change detection algorithms have been applied to MSS data for monitoring changes inside and outside the Lake Brullus environment. Analysis of the results reveals occurrence of erosion and accretion along both sides of the lake inlet. During the study period (1983 to 1991), the lake area decreased by an average rate of 8·6 km2 per year mainly due to drying for land reclamation. Comparison between standardized and unstandardized principal components showed that the standardized PCs are more capable of identifying occurring changes. A simple technique, such as image differencing and ratioing, comprises a powerful method to emphasize changes, especially when we use thresholding.

Technical Note Multi-temporal change of Lake Brullus, Egypt, from 1983 to 1991

Today, automatic generation of questions is a considerable problem by many researchers. Automatic question generation from text has two major activity domains: dialogue/interactive question answering systems and educational assessment. In this paper, a proposed system is designed, implemented and tested to automate question generation process. The proposed system generates questions by selecting one sentence at a time, extracts sections of the source sentence, then applies transformation rules or patterns for constructing a question. It uses pure syntactic pattern-matching approach to generate content-related questions in order to improve the independent study of any textual material. The proposed system is powered by OpenNLP open source statistical parser to generate the questions using pattern matching strategy. The system is able to learn dynamically, ready to use in ease manner and accepts large-scale number of rules.

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Automatic English Question Generation System Based on Template Driven Scheme

Accessing the Internet from mobile devices is becoming increasingly popular, for the past few years mobile devices (mobile phone, smart phone, PDA, palmtop) have rapidly become an integral part of our lives, with an internet connection we can have access to any kind of web content.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5433809/5440112/05440415.pdf

Shawkat K. Guirguis

Papers

A Survey on Cryptography Algorithms

Investigation of cryptography algorithms used for security and privacy protection in smart grid

Technical Note Multi-temporal change of Lake Brullus, Egypt, from 1983 to 1991

Automatic English Question Generation System Based on Template Driven Scheme

A smart framework for web content and resources adaptation in mobile devices