다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The role of flavonoids as the major red, blue, and purple pigments in plants has gained these secondary products a great deal of attention over the years. From the first description of acid and base effects on plant pigments by Robert Boyle in 1664 to the characterization of structural and

Flavonoid Biosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Biotechnology

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.

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Flavonoids: an overview

Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health.

Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress.

The phytoalexin response of Lotus japonicus seedlings to selected microbes and chemical signals was analyzed. The symbiotic rhizobium induced vestitol production weakly, while non-symbiotic rhizobia and potential pathogens led to increases in its accumulation. Whereas chitin-related molecules were ineffective, a flagellin-derived peptide not of symbiont origin induced phytoalexin production, indicating discriminative antibiotic production by the plant host.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.130209

Discriminative Phytoalexin Accumulation in Lotus japonicus against Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic Microorganisms and Related Chemical Signals

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/plantbiotechnology1984/6/3/6_3_113/_pdf

Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Cultured Glycyrrhiza echinata Cells

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the new subject gene comprising a gene encoding a protein having a synthesizing activity of flavone from flavanone and useful for improving a flower color, increasing an antimicrobial property of a plant, improving a protection effect of a plant against ultraviolet rays or light or the like. SOLUTION: The gene is a new gene, encoding a flavone synthetic enzyme, comprising a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence described by either of formula I, II or III and a synthesizing activity of flavone from flavonone, or a gene encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence modified by addition or deletion of one or more amino acids and/or substitution by using other amino acid based on the amino acid sequence and a synthesizing activity of flavone from flavanone. By introducing the gene into a plant, improvement of a flower color, increase of an antimicrobial property or a nitrogen fixing activity of a leguminous plant, improvement of a protection effect against ultraviolet rays or the like become possible. The gene is obtained by screening cDNA library of flower petals of Torenia fournieri.

Gene encoding flavone synthetic enzyme

2-Hydroxyisoflavanone synthase substantially having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2 and a polynucleotide substantially having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. Thus, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase can be expressed in a host cell. By transferring the polynucleotide encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase into a plant cell, a plant having an altered isoflavone productivity can be obtained.

Polynucleotide encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase

In legume–rhizobia symbiosis, partner recognition and the initiation of symbiosis processes require the mutual exchange of chemical signals. Chemicals, generally (iso)flavonoids, in the root exudates of the host plant induce the expression of nod genes in rhizobia, and, thus, are called nod gene inducers. The expression of nod genes leads to the production of lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) called Nod factors. Natural nod gene inducer(s) in Lotus japonicus–Mesorhizobium symbiosis remain unknown. Therefore, we developed an LCO detection method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQMS) to identify these inducers and used it herein to screen 40 phenolic compounds and aldonic acids for their ability to induce LCOs in Mesorhizobium japonicum MAFF303099. We identified five phenolic acids with LCO-inducing activities, including p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. The induced LCOs caused root hair deformation, and nodule numbers in L. japonicus inoculated with M. japonicum were increased by these phenolic acids. The three phenolic acids listed above induced the expression of the nodA, nodB, and ttsI genes in a strain harboring a multicopy plasmid encoding NodD1, but not that encoding NodD2. The presence of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in the root exudates of L. japonicus was confirmed by UPLC-TQMS, and the induction of ttsI::lacZ in the strain harboring the nodD1 plasmid was detected in the rhizosphere of L. japonicus. Based on these results, we propose that phenolic acids are a novel type of nod gene inducer in L. japonicus–Mesorhizobium symbiosis.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/37/1/37_ME21094/_pdf

Shin-ichi Ayabe

Papers

Discriminative Phytoalexin Accumulation in Lotus japonicus against Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic Microorganisms and Related Chemical Signals

Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Cultured Glycyrrhiza echinata Cells

Gene encoding flavone synthetic enzyme

Polynucleotide encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase

Phenolic Acids Induce Nod Factor Production in Lotus japonicus–Mesorhizobium Symbiosis