International Journal of Computer and Applications

Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.

A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies

In the era of smart cities, there are a plethora of applications where the localization of indoor environments is important, from monitoring and tracking in smart buildings to proximity marketing and advertising in shopping malls. The success of these applications is based on the development of a cost-efficient and robust real-time system capable of accurately localizing objects. In most outdoor localization systems, global positioning system (GPS) is used due to its ease of implementation and accuracy up to five meters. However, due to the limited space that comes with performing localization of indoor environments and the large number of obstacles found indoors, GPS is not a suitable option. Hence, accurately and efficiently locating objects is a major challenge in indoor environments. Recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) along with novel wireless technologies can alleviate the problem. Small-size and cost-efficient IoT devices which use wireless protocols can provide an attractive solution. In this paper, we compare four wireless technologies for indoor localization: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n-2009 at the 2.4 GHz band), Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, and long-range wide-area network. These technologies are compared in terms of localization accuracy and power consumption when IoT devices are used. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from each modality were used and trilateration was performed for localization. The RSSI data set is available online. The experimental results can be used as an indicator in the selection of a wireless technology for an indoor localization system following application requirements.

RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With the Internet of Things

Shape is one of the most important features in Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). Many shape representations and retrieval methods exists. However, most of those methods either do not well represent shape or are difficult to do normalization (making matching hard). Among them, methods based Fourier descriptors (FD) achieve both well representation and well normalization. Different shape signatures have been exploited to derive FDs, however, FDs derived from different signatures can have significant different effect on the result of retrieval. In this paper, we build a Java retrieval framework to compare shape retrieval using FDs derived from different signatures. Common issues and techniques for shape representation and normalization are also analyzed in the paper. Data is given to show the retrieval result.

A comparative study on shape retrieval using Fourier descriptiors with different shape signatures

In recent years, industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems, and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment, and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper, a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges, and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines, and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. This paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. This paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs.

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A Critical Analysis of Research Potential, Challenges, and Future Directives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) covering a whole gamut of applications which is getting broader by the day and it is indeed necessary to study the nuances in WSN out of which aforementioned is one. WSN's consists of large number of deployed sensor nodes and a base node for aggregating data from deployed sensor nodes. Wireless Sensor Network's (WSN) are attribute based and they are not concerned about the location of deployed sensor node from which the base node is receiving the data. In certain specific applications like health monitoring systems, tracking systems and dynamic networks, the location of transmitting node is essential. Location of the deployed sensor nodes can be found either by TOA, TDOA or Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements. In this paper we tried to estimate the approximated distances of deployed sensor nodes using RSS measurements. The estimated distances can be further used for locating the position of deployed sensor nodes. The working model has been realised in TinyOs and RSS measurements are made using Telosb nodes.

Distance measurement and error estimation scheme for RSSI based localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent times although there is lot of research in field of localization application but very few aims at localization module with optimal energy consumption. Localization, being inevitable for a range of applications, is also a basis for many network operations such as data packet forwarding i.e. routing and sensing coverage in wireless sensor networks. With a range of application scenario, it is a challenging task to design a localization module for a wireless sensor network consisting of sensor nodes with limited capacity in terms of power, processing and storage etc. This paper presents a simple model of a range based localization system that employs distributed computing in a collaborative and cooperative manner. The aim of this work is to modify a range based localization algorithm to utilize scarce resources optimally along with improved performance by changing the inherent methodologies of position estimation. In this research work basically the role of a media access control scheme (MAC) in the localization module is investigated. A MAC is basically used to save the energy by reducing collisions and retransmission of range packets. Further, energy is conserved by restricting the coverage to a smaller part containing the neighbours up to certain hops and that is formed by dividing the whole network area into clusters. To analyse the performance spectrum, we have simulated the localization method under a variety of application scenarios and lead to the conclusion that this approach increases the efficiency of localization in wireless sensor networks. In the simulation process, every minute aspect of sensor network localization model including the topology, range, mobility, channel, propagation schemes etc. were considered and the performance was finally analyzed.

A Range Based Localization System in Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks: A Distributed Cooperative Approach

One of the challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is efficiently route the multimedia information. In this letter, we propose an efficient geographic routing algorithm for multimedia data transmission such as audio, video, etc., in WSNs. It finds one near to shortest path per iteration and can be performed repeatedly iteration to find more on-demand shortest node-disjoint routing paths. This algorithm achieves high-throughput with low delay that is required for multimedia data transmission over WSNs.

Geographic Node-Disjoint Path Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Summary Medium access control for wireless sensor networks has been a very active research area in the recent years. The traditional wireless medium access control protocol such as IEEE 802.11 is not suitable for the sensor network application because these are battery powered. The recharging of these sensor nodes is expensive and also not possible. The most of the literature in the medium access for the sensor network focuses on the energy efficiency. The proposed MAC protocol solves the energy inefficiency caused by idle listening, control packet overhead and overhearing taking nodes latency into consideration based on the network traffic. Simulation experiments have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This protocol has been simulated in Network Simulator ns-2

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Optimized Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks have received excessive attention in now a days Research in all field in wireless sensor network (WSN) till now has assumed that sensors in network is homogeneous, means that all the nodes are same, especially for routing protocols that has used clustering like LEACH, LEACHC, and PEGASIS etc But in the clustering algorithm where some nodes have to work as cluster heads, if they are same as the other nodes, this would lead the lifetime constraint in WSN Because of this most we shall be considering here the heterogeneous WSN, where the nodes which will work as cluster head will contain more energy, computational and communication power than normal nodes In this paper we introduce a routing protocol that is based on clustering and uses heterogeneity in nodes to increase the network lifetime

Shirshu Varma

Papers

Distance measurement and error estimation scheme for RSSI based localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Range Based Localization System in Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks: A Distributed Cooperative Approach

Geographic Node-Disjoint Path Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Optimized Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Network

Base station initiated dynamic routing protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network using clustering