The use of Blockchain technology has recently become widespread. It has emerged as an essential tool in various academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, transportation, finance, cybersecurity, and supply chain management. It is regarded as a decentralized, trustworthy, secure, transparent, and immutable solution that innovates data sharing and management. This survey aims to provide a systematic review of Blockchain application to intelligent transportation systems in general and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in particular. The survey is divided into four main parts. First, the Blockchain technology including its opportunities, relative taxonomies, and applications is introduced; basic cryptography is also discussed. Next, the evolution of Blockchain is presented, starting from the primary phase of pre-Bitcoin (fundamentally characterized by classic cryptography systems), followed by the Blockchain 1.0 phase, (characterized by Bitcoin implementation and common consensus protocols), and finally, the Blockchain 2.0 phase (characterized by the implementation of smart contracts, Ethereum, and Hyperledger). We compared and identified the strengths and limitations of each of these implementations. Then, the state of the art of Blockchain-based IoV solutions (BIoV) is explored by referring to a large and trusted source database from the Scopus data bank. For a well-structured and clear discussion, the reviewed literature is classified according to the research direction and implemented IoV layer. Useful tables, statistics, and analysis are also presented. Finally, the open problems and future directions in BIoV research are summarized. 

Blockchain Technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Emergency vehicles (EVs) are significant in disseminating sensitive information across the road-side communication networks. This amalgamation of vehicles and communication networks improves the reachability and accessibility of sensitive data along the driving scenario. However, the communication network experiences data and traffic congestion due to wireless medium and varying vehicle densities. In order to address the problem of data and traffic congestion, this paper introduces message dissemination with re-route planning (MDRP) method. This method initiates a dissemination boundary for selecting neighbors and weight for selecting the re-routing path. The weight is based on the traffic conditions of the road segment along with consideration of the timeout of the EV message. The joint process of rerouting and data transmission is supported by dependent queue management for improving the message delivery and reducing the impact of delaying instances in the travelling path.

MDRP: Message dissemination with re-route planning method for emergency vehicle information exchange

The use of Blockchain technology has recently become widespread. It has emerged as an essential tool in various academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, transportation, finance, cybersecurity, and supply chain management. It is regarded as a decentralized, trustworthy, secure, transparent, and immutable solution that innovates data sharing and management. This survey aims to provide a systematic review of Blockchain application to intelligent transportation systems in general and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in particular. The survey is divided into four main parts. First, the Blockchain technology including its opportunities, relative taxonomies, and applications is introduced; basic cryptography is also discussed. Next, the evolution of Blockchain is presented, starting from the primary phase of pre-Bitcoin (fundamentally characterized by classic cryptography systems), followed by the Blockchain 1.0 phase, (characterized by Bitcoin implementation and common consensus protocols), and finally, the Blockchain 2.0 phase (characterized by the implementation of smart contracts, Ethereum, and Hyperledger). We compared and identified the strengths and limitations of each of these implementations. Then, the state of the art of Blockchain-based IoV solutions (BIoV) is explored by referring to a large and trusted source database from the Scopus data bank. For a well-structured and clear discussion, the reviewed literature is classified according to the research direction and implemented IoV layer. Useful tables, statistics, and analysis are also presented. Finally, the open problems and future directions in BIoV research are summarized.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09706476.pdf

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging new technology and a promising approach for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) domain. Many researchers focused on the creation of reliable, scalable and efficient routing protocols for VANET and improve their Quality of Service (QoS). Communication among vehicular nodes which enable drivers to take appropriate decision needs a high reliability, therefore the design of a routing protocol that ensures a certain level of QoS, represents one of the most important challenges of the vehicular networks, because VANET are characterized by specific features, such as restricted mobility, high node speed and a very dynamic topology. keeping in view of the above, this paper provides a detailed description of various existing QoS routing protocols in literature with an aim to classify them. Based on the optimization methods used to improve routing protocols in VANET, we have surveyed and classified the routing protocols into two classes, QoS routing protocols not based on meta-heuristics and QoS routing protocols based on meta-heuristics.

A survey on QoS routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

In recent years, the explosive growth of multimedia applications and services has required further improvements in mobile systems to meet transfer speed requirements. Mobile Ad-hoc Network was formed in the 1970s. It is a set of mobile devices that have self-configuring capable to establish parameters to transmit data without relying on an pre-installed infrastructure systems. Today, MANET is strongly applied in many fields such as healthcare, military, smart agriculture, and disaster prevention. In the transportation area, in order to meet the unique characteristics of the vehicle network, such as movement pattern, high mobility with the support of RSUs, MANET has evolved into Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks, also called VANET. Due to the mobility of the nodes, like MANET, ​​the performance of VANET is relatively low and depends on the communication technologies. Designing more flexible, reliable, and smarter routing protocols to improve VANET performance for smart urban is a significant challenge. In this study, we conduct a survey of communication solutions for VANET in recent years. The results indicated a common framework for designing VANET communication solutions based on three main approaches: multi-metric, UAV/Cloud/Internet, and Intelligent. Moreover, with each proposed solution, we also analyse to show the focus of the research and the results achieved. Finally, we discuss and point out possible future research directions. We hope that the research results in this work will be important guidelines for future research in the communication area for VANET.

Communication Solutions for Vehicle Ad-hoc Network in Smart Cities Environment: A Comprehensive Survey

The communication among the vehicles in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) plays a major role in the improvement of safety in critical situations of road scenario. With the implementation of VANET, the transmission of videos to other vehicles is done in an improved way. A new algorithm, known as Moth Whale Optimization Algorithm (MWOA) is proposed in this paper to determine the optimal multipath for the transmission of the videos from one vehicle to other in the VANET network. The proposed algorithm is developed with the integration of Moth Search (MS) algorithm and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Initially, the VANET is simulated and the optimal selection of the multipath is done using adaptive geographic routing scheme based on the fitness measure. The performance of the proposed Moth Whale Optimization Algorithm is estimated with the metrics, such as Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet end-to-end delay, and the throughput. The Moth-Whale Optimization Algorithm produces the minimum end-to-end delay of 4.4427, and maximum Packet delivery ratio and throughput of 96.5135 and 94.2429, respectively, which shows the superiority of the method in effective video transmission.

Optimal Multipath Routing for Video Transmission in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) support safety- and non-safety-related applications that require the transmission of emergency safety messages and periodic beacon messages. The dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) standard in VANETs is used to exchange safety messages, and is involved in multi-hop data dissemination and routing. Many researchers have focused either on emergency data dissemination or routing, but both are critical. Routing protocols are commonly used for position-based routing and distancebased routing. This paper focuses on both emergency data dissemination and multi-hop routing, with the selection of the best data disseminator and trustworthy forwarder. To select the best forwarder, ring partitioning is performed, which segregates vehicles into rings based on the coverage area for routing. Each partition is selected with a best forwarder, which minimizes the hop count for data transmission. The work also includes effective video transmission for a user’s request. Video transmission in VANETs is involved in this work to provide efficient video delivery between rapidly travelling vehicles with reduced delay owing to the selection of good-quality channels. Video transmission is prioritized according to frame types, and they are then transmitted with respect to the preference of channels. The major issue in video streaming is the loss of packets, which is our focus to minimize it. Our proposed VANET environment is simulated in OMNeT++, and the results show remarkable improvements in terms of the packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and reliability.

Novel Technique in Multihop Environment for Efficient Emergency Message Dissemination and Lossless Video Transmission in VANETS

In the last decade, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) field is growing drastically. In VANET the communication is the most important aspect through which the data transmission is taking place. Data transmission is maybe related to data in the form of multimedia messages, notifications, announcements, or some warning messages that are involved in VANETs. Data transmission among different vehicles would lead to an exchange of audio-video files in the formed network. These multimedia messages should be transmitted in the fraction of second as this network is built for temporary communication. Vehicles involved in this communication should be trustworthy otherwise other vehicles those who are part of this network would be misguided due to intruder present in the network. To achieve security and integrity in the constituted network, system has proposed the blockchain security environment as a part of this proposed system. Blockchain induces high-end communication in the ad-hoc network. It also enhances the overall security aspect of the constituted network. In this paper, we have proposed blockchain-based security system for vehicular communication that handles this communication securely in a well efficient manner. The performance of the proposed system will be measured based on parameters like end-to-end delay, reliability, and packet delivery ratio.

Secured Communication in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) using Blockchain

Video streaming in the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can be considered as one of the challenging topics for the researchers, as the VANET architecture is highly dynamic. For the successful video transmission, it is necessary to develop a multipath routing algorithm in the VANET for reducing the loss of information. In this work, a multipath routing algorithm is developed for the video transmission using the optimization approach. As the video files are bulky, they are encoded with the HEVC encoding scheme to form the bit stream. Then, the possible paths between the source and the destination are discovered. This work adopts the genetic algorithm (GA) for selecting the optimal multipaths from the path for the video transmission. After identifying the optimal multipaths, the bit stream is transmitted through the multipaths to reach the destination. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated based on metrics, end to end delay (EED) and throughput. The simulation results reveal that the proposed GA based multipath routing scheme has achieved improved performance with the value of 6.928 sec and 89.886 for the EED and the throughput, respectively.

Shivaprasad More

Papers

Optimal Multipath Routing for Video Transmission in VANETs

Novel Technique in Multihop Environment for Efficient Emergency Message Dissemination and Lossless Video Transmission in VANETS

Secured Communication in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) using Blockchain

Optimization driven Multipath Routing for the video transmission in the VANET