자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Individual differences in parenting stress, experienced by most parents as those aversive feelings that are associated with the demands of the parenting role, have been shown to be an important aspect of parent, child, and family functioning. A definition of parenting stress is provided, along with its application to more general stress models. Three implicit hypotheses in much of the past research on parenting stress and behavior are evaluated: (a) parenting stress is causally related to poor parenting, (b) poor parenting is causally related to problems in child adjustment, and (c) parenting behavior mediates the associations between parenting stress and child adjustment. In addition, three questions for future research regarding within-family and within-Individual variation in parenting stress are raised: (a) Is parenting stress genetically influenced? (b) Do mothers and fathers show similar or different levels of parenting stress? (c) Is parenting stress “child specific” within families?

Parenting Stress and Child Adjustment: Some Old Hypotheses and New Questions

This study examines the association between marital quality and personal well-being using meta-analytic techniques. Effects from 93 studies were analyzed. The average weighted effect size r was .37 for cross-sectional and .25 for longitudinal effects. Results indicate that several variables moderate the association between marital quality and personal well-being, including gender, participants’ marital duration, source of measurement, data collection year, and dependent variable. These results suggest that longitudinal effects are more likely to be uncovered when using standard measurement and that future research should use samples homogenous in marital length. The longitudinal finding that the strength of the association is stronger when personal well-being is treated as the dependent variable supports previous theorizing.

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Marital Quality and Personal Well‐Being: A Meta‐Analysis

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well-being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self-efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.

Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

Tested and cross-validated a multidimensional model of predictors of parenting stress on data from a population-based sample of Swedish mothers (N = 1,081) with children ages 6 months to 3 years. The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire study, focusing on the explanation of variance in parenting stress. Structural equation modeling procedures permitted disentanglement of total, direct, and indirect effects. A Swedish instrument based on parts of the Parent Domain in the Parenting Stress Index was used as a measure of stress. The results provided general support for the proposed model. High workload, low social support, perception of the child as fussy-difficult, negative life events, child caretaking hassles, more children in the family, and high maternal age related directly to more stress. Child irregularity contributed indirectly to mother's experienced stress. No buffering effects of social support were found. Forty-eight percent of the variance in the parenting stress measure was explained by the model. Implications for interventions were discussed.

A Structural Modeling Approach to the Understanding of Parenting Stress

This study examines the hypothesis that the effect children have on their parents' marriages is due to stress in the parental role. A multivariate model was specified to assess the relationship between fathers' and mothers' parenting stress and their psychological well-being and perception of marital quality. In addition, the effects of 6 other variables were assessed: 2 competing roles (mother's employment and household division of labor), 2 children-related variables (number and age composition), marital duration, and economic distress. Data were collected from both the husband and the wife in 287 intact couples who had children living at home. Using structural equation modeling, data from both parents were analyzed jointly to assess the mutual effect of the spouses on one another. The findings indicated that, for both fathers and mothers, parenting stress was affected by the number of children and economic distress, but not by other roles (wife's employment and household division of labor). For both sp...

The effect of parenting stress on marital quality: An integrated mother–father model.

O relacionamento conjugal esta associado a saude e qualidade de vida, principalmente nos anos de maturidade e velhice, embora o fato de um casamento durar nao necessariamente signifique que o mesmo e satisfatorio para os conjuges. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os processos e variaveis associadas a satisfacao conjugal em casamentos de longa duracao, ou seja, mais de 20 anos. Trinta e oito casais paulistas responderam a um conjunto de questionarios ja utilizados em estudo multicultural previo (Estados Unidos, Suecia, Alemanha, Holanda, Canada, Africa do Sul, Israel e Chile). Em cerca de metade dos casais estudados, ao menos um dos conjuges estava satisfeito. Comparando-se casais satisfeitos e insatisfeitos foi possivel identificar que a satisfacao aumenta quando ha proximidade, estrategias adequadas de resolucao de problemas, coesao, boa habilidade de comunicacao, se os conjuges estiverem satisfeitos com seu status economico e forem praticantes de sua crenca religiosa.

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Satisfação conjugal em casamentos de longa duração: uma construção possível

Long-Term Marriages (LTM) in Israel is part of a larger on-going international research. Our study focuses on two related questions: Are all long term marriages successful and satisfying? Similar studies have been undertaken in the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Chile. This paper focuses on the Israeli results with a few cross-cultural comparisons. Israel adds several unique features to the research: the people to whom LTM applies have emigrated to Israel from 112 different countries, with different cultures and nationalities; how Holocaust survivors are distributed in comparison to the rest of the population; Israel has the lowest divorce rate in the west; family life being a highly valued norm among Jewish people, it will be interesting to determine what keeps couples together and whether the motives and ingredients for satisfying marriages are similar or different from other countries.

Long-Term successful Marriages in Israel

The study focuses on adult grandchildren’s perception of their role towards their grandparents according to the perspectives of both generations: the grandchildren and the grandparents. This study ...

Grandchildhood: Adult Grandchildren's Perception of Their Role towards Their Grandparents from an Intergenerational Perspective

Contents * Foreword * Preface * Part I: Background of the Study * Chapter 1: Overview * Chapter 2: Theoretical Underpinnings * Review of Literature and Earlier Findings * Correlates of Marital Satisfaction * Research on Long-Term Marriages * Results of the Pilot Study for This Project * Underlying Theoretical Approach * Summary * Chapter 3: Methodology * Sampling Procedure * Instruments Utilized * Instruments Employed: Overview * Validity and Reliability Aspects * Procedure: How the Study Was Conducted * Limitations of the Study * Analysis of Data: Statistical Tools * Part II: Findings * Chapter 4: Reports of the United States and Canada * The United States * Canada * Chapter 5: Reports of the Western European Countries * Germany * Sweden * The Netherlands * Chapter 6: Reports of Israel, South Africa, and Chile * Israel * South Africa * Chile * Part III: Comparative Analysis and Conclusions * Chapter 7: Cross-Cultural Analysis * Introduction * Findings * Summary * Chapter 8: Retrospective Analysis: Conclusions, Implications for Therapy, and Recommendations * Implications for Marital and Family Therapy * Appendix A: Overall Assessment of the Quality of Couple Life * Couple Well-Being--DAS, Item 18 * Couple Satisfaction--DAS, Subscale * Couple Happiness--DAS, Item 31 * Appendix B: International Family Research Group Long-Term Marriages Questionnaire * Instructions for User * Q1 General Information * Q2 DAS and PRL * Q 3 CPS, CC, and CR * Q4 Motives: Why Did and Do You Stay Together? * Q5 Ingredients for Marital Satisfaction * References * Index

Shlomo A. Sharlin

Papers

The effect of parenting stress on marital quality: An integrated mother–father model.

Satisfação conjugal em casamentos de longa duração: uma construção possível

Long-Term successful Marriages in Israel

Grandchildhood: Adult Grandchildren's Perception of Their Role towards Their Grandparents from an Intergenerational Perspective

Together Through Thick and Thin: A Multinational Picture of Long-Term Marriages