Polycystic ovaries (PCO) are highly prevalent in women presenting with hirsutism or recurrent miscarriage but the functional significance of PCO in ovulatory women presenting with infertility remains unclear. We examined the prevalence of PCO, on ultrasonography, among women presenting with infertility. Among 289 couples classified in four main diagnostic categories, PCO were found in 81 (83%) of 98 anovulatory patients, 40 (53%) of 76 patients whose partners had sperm dysfunction, 26 (50%) of 52 patients with tubal disease and in 28 (44%) of 63 patients with unexplained infertility. By comparison, in a control group of 67 parous volunteers, 19 (28%) were found to have PCO. PCO patients with unexplained infertility had higher midfollicular luteinizing hormone and testosterone compared with the group with normal ovaries. The prevalence of PCO was significantly higher in each of the infertility groups than in controls, and a similar tendency (not significant) was observed among women with unexplained infertility. Ovulatory PCO women with infertility had higher testosterone concentrations in comparison with PCO controls. In summary, the prevalence of PCO among ovulatory women with infertility is higher than that in the normal population, suggesting that PCO may, perhaps by virtue of an effect of hyperandrogenaemia, contribute to the causes of subfertility in women with regular menses.

The Prevalence of Polycystic Ovaries in Women With Infertility

Few studies in HCI4D have examined the lived experiences of women with pregnancy complications. We conducted a qualitative study with 15 pregnant women to gain an in-depth understanding of the context in which pregnancy takes place and everyday experiences living with complications in rural North-West India. To complement our interviews, we conducted six focus groups with three pregnant women, three community health workers and three members of an NGO. Our study reveals insights about the challenges and experiences of the pregnant women with complications while navigating the physical, spatial, social and emotional aspects of antenatal care as part of complex and contradictory structures and settings of their everyday life. We argue that the design of digital health in support of pregnancy care for the Global South must center around supporting the navigational work done by the pregnant women and their families. We summarize research in two areas including an overview of public health strategies and challenges to improve maternal health in India, and digital health in the Global South, with focus on the Indian context.

Beyond Health Literacy: Navigating Boundaries and Relationships During High-risk Pregnancies: Challenges and Opportunities for Digital Health in North-West India

Background : Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common health problem which increase in adolescent’s girls in addition young women during their reproductive years. It is one of the most endocrine disorders with prevalence of 5%–10% in different ethnic populations and as much as 22% of women in general population. PCOS is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder which affects one in 15 women worldwide . The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of educational program on the level of knowledge regarding PCOS among adolescent girls. Subject and methods : This study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing at Minia university using quasi experimental research design on ninety six female students. Interviewing questionnaire and knowledge assessment tool (pre/post educational program) used for data collection. Results: After the educational program, majority (94.69%, 95.85%, 94.79%, 97.31, 95.42%) of the students' have correct knowledge regarding to diagnosis, causes, risk factors, complications and management respectively after education program. Majority (92.7%) of the students had good knowledge, average knowledge observed on the (6.25%) from student , and only (1.04%) had poor knowledge after educational program.  Mean scores of posttest were significantly higher after educational program compared to their values at pretest ( p < .0001). Statistically significant difference was found between demographic characteristics such as age of the students and family history with students' knowledge at pre-test (p<0.02 and p < .05) respectively. Conclusion and recommendations : based on the results of the present study it can be concluded that, before utilization of educational sessions, most of the students (84.4%) had poor knowledge regard polycystic ovarian syndrome. After the educational sessions there was enhancement of knowledge score on polycystic ovarian syndrome. It found that the mean scores of posttest were significantly higher after educational program compared to their values at pretest in all variable. Also the overall score posttest mean value (54.66) was higher than the overall score pretest mean value (25.5). So it can be concluded that, educational program is effective in improving the knowledge of adolescent girls. Based on the results, the current study recommended that: Application of educational program for adolescent girls in different setting should be conducted in order to increase level of knowledge regarding PCOS, Nursing curriculum should be updated to include comprehensive information about PCOS to improve the awareness of other women once in practice. Study can be replicated on a larger sample for generalizing the findings.

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Effect of educational program on the level of knowledge regarding polycystic ovarian syndrome among adolescent girls

Adolescence is a phase in the life cycle of human beings. Adequate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malnutrition are necessary for proper growth and development and for their future children. This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of health education intervention to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents on malnutrition. PubMed, Scopus, clinical trials, CINAHL, SAGE, Science Direct and Medline were searched according to Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meat-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identified published studies from January 2013 to December 2019 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of eight studies were included in this review. Data extraction was done based on randomized controlled trial only. Three out of the eight studies had low risk of bias, the overall evidence of the study was moderate. Findings from this study suggest that health education intervention among adolescents have significantly improved their knowledge, attitudes and practices. More specific interventions should be conducted in low and middle income countries since they bear more of the burden of malnutrition globally.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2426/pdf

Systematic Review: Effect of Health Education Intervention on Improving Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Adolescents on Malnutrition

Background To identify the adolescent school girls with risk for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), assess their risk status, and evaluate the impact of lifestyle modifications on PCOS risk reduction. Methods An experimental research was conducted among adolescent girls belonging to two Government run schools in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu state, India, from 6 June to 9 December 2016. A standard risk assessment questionnaire was adopted for risk assessment after making few modifications (Cronbach alpha 0.86). The experimental group received lifestyle modifications (yoga for two months and walking exercise for two months), with no such intervention provided for the control group. The impact of these interventions was assessed in terms of risk minimization and a P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 204 (control-102; experimental-102) girls with statistically insignificant difference in demographic features were studied. During the pretest, 85.2% (n = 87) in the experimental group and 83.3% (n = 85) the controls had "moderate risk" for PCOS. Girls with "high risk" level of PCOS were 14.8% (n = 15) and 15.7% (n = 17) in the experimental group and the control group, respectively. In posttest-1 (after yoga sessions) risk assessment, 71.6% had "moderate risk," 5.9% had "high risk" in the experimental group, whereas 87.3% had "moderate risk" and 12.7% had "high risk" in the control group. In posttest-2 (after exercise sessions) risk assessment, 48% had "moderate risk" and 0% had high risk in the experimental group, whereas 88.2% were "moderate risk" and 11.8% were "high risk" in the control group. Repeated measure ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction showed mean risk reduction score statistically significant between pretest and post-test (33.38 ± 7.28 vs 22.75 ± 12.09, respectively mean difference is 10.63: F = 236.12 P < .001), suggesting a positive correlation with the intervention. Conclusions Yoga and exercise were beneficial in minimizing PCOS risk, as reflected in the risk assessment score. More such interventions, covering different schools, could provide larger health benefits.

Impact of yoga and exercises on polycystic ovarian syndrome risk among adolescent schoolgirls in South India

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading health problems among women of reproductive age group. Many of the menstrual problems are ignored initially during the adolescent period, and the problem will be identified much later when they seek treatment for infertility. Risk assessment appears to be the most useful method in identifying the condition at the earliest and encourage the adolescents for seeking the treatment.
Objective: objectives of the study were to identify the adolescents with risk for developing PCOS and to find the effectiveness of awareness program.
Method and materials: the study was conducted in selected pre-university colleges of Udupi District and 752 students were selected from six colleges. Risk Status of the students was assessed by administering the High Risk Assessment questionnaire and awareness program was given to the risk group students, and the post-test was taken on 8th day following intervention.
Results: A total of 102 (13.6%) students were found to have moderate risk for developing PCOS.A significant increase in the knowledge scores on PCOS was observed after the awareness program (p<0.001). 
Conclusion: This study revealed that an awareness program could bring about a desirable change in knowledge among adolescent girls regarding PCOS and prevent future complications.

An exploratory survey to identify the adolescents with high risk for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to find the effectiveness of an awareness programme among students of selected pre university colleges of Udupi District

Dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients among adolescent girls: A cross sectional study

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has gained increasing attention as a predictor of future diabetes in women. Women with GDM are six times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life than women without GDM. GDM has a recurrence rate of 35–80%, and risk of recurrent GDM is directly associated with previous pregnancies with GDM.Methods: Institutional based cross sectional survey design was used to collect data from the participants.Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. All pregnant women confirmed by an abnormal glucose challenge test as per the WHO criteria to have GDM were included. Pregnant women with Type 2 diabetes/preexisting diabetes were excluded. Data was collected from 100 mothers.Results: The mean age of the mothers was 26.7±3.7 years. The mothers were recruited for the study as early as 24 weeks to 39weeks with a mean POG of 31.75±4.3 weeks. Also there exists perfect positive correlation between knowledge and attitude(r =1,p=0.073).Seventy seven percent of the pregnant women with GDM perceived low risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in future.Conclusion: This study highlights the need for culturally accepted way of education and health promotion activities for women with GDM to prevent the early onset of Type 2 diabetes Mellitus

Knowledge, Attitude and Risk Perception for Diabetes among Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Cervical cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in the world and the second largest cause of cancer mortality in India. Currently India accounts for 1/4 th of the global cervical cancer burden . Though the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in developed countries, in developing countries like India where women do not undergo routine cervical cancer screening it is still a major problem. Purpose: This study was designed to assess the knowledge of cervical cancer, its symptoms, the Pap (Papanicolaou) smear test for screening and screening guidelines. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 407 women aged 21-65 years in a randomly selected village of udupitaluk in Karnataka. The data was collected using a valid knowledge questionnaire. Findings: Majority of the study population (98.5%, 401) had poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening. There was no apparent difference in the mean and standard deviation of knowledge scores in the different categories of cervical cancer (2.49±1.665), symptoms (0.43±0.496), Pap smear test (0.33±0.807) and screening guidelines (0.51±0.742). There is very poor knowledge of cervical cancer screening among women. Effective female education and mass screening are necessary for successful cervical cancer screening programme in India.

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Knowledge of cervical cancer screening among rural Indian women: a cross sectional study

Existing practices of intravenous (IV) medication management and barriers for safe practices among healthcare professionals in a selected hospital of Udupi district, Karnataka

Shobha

Papers

An exploratory survey to identify the adolescents with high risk for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to find the effectiveness of an awareness programme among students of selected pre university colleges of Udupi District

Dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients among adolescent girls: A cross sectional study

Knowledge, Attitude and Risk Perception for Diabetes among Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Knowledge of cervical cancer screening among rural Indian women: a cross sectional study

Existing practices of intravenous (IV) medication management and barriers for safe practices among healthcare professionals in a selected hospital of Udupi district, Karnataka