Rice plants produce bioactive rice brans and hulls that have been reported to have numerous health-promoting effects in cells, animals, and humans. The main objective of this review is to consolidate and integrate the widely scattered information on the composition and the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating effects of rice brans from different rice cultivars, rice bran oils derived from rice brans, rice hulls, liquid rice hull smoke derived from rice hulls, and some of their bioactive compounds. As part of this effort, this paper also presents brief summaries on the preparation of health-promoting foods including bread, corn flakes, frankfurters, ice cream, noodles, pasta, tortillas, and zero-trans-fat shortening as well as industrial products such bioethanol and biodiesel fuels. Also covered are antibiotic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardiovascular, allelochemical, and other beneficial effects and the mechanisms of the bioactivities. The results show that food-comp...

Rice brans, rice bran oils, and rice hulls: composition, food and industrial uses, and bioactivities in humans, animals, and cells.

Type 2 diabetes is a complicated metabolic disorder with both short- and long-term undesirable complications. In recent years, there has been growing evidence that functional foods and their bioactive compounds, due to their biological properties, may be used as complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we have highlighted various functional foods as missing part of medical nutrition therapy in diabetic patients. Several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, have demonstrated that functional foods and nutraceuticals may improve postprandial hyperglycemia and adipose tissue metabolism modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Functional foods may also improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory processes and subsequently could prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. In conclusion available data indicate that a functional foods-based diet may be a novel and comprehensive dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes.

Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review.

Grains are global dietary staples that when consumed in whole grain form, offer considerable health benefits compared with milled grain foods, including reduced body weight gain and reduced cardiov...

Germinated grains: a superior whole grain functional food?

Optimizing soaking and germination conditions to improve gamma-aminobutyric acid content in japonica and indica germinated brown rice

Diet is an important variable in the course of type 2 diabetes, which has generated interest in dietary options like germinated brown rice (GBR) for effective management of the disease among rice-consuming populations. In vitro data and animal experiments show that GBR has potentials as a functional diet for managing this disease, and short-term clinical studies indicate encouraging results. Mechanisms for antidiabetic effects of GBR due to bioactive compounds like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ-oryzanol, dietary fibre, phenolics, vitamins, acylated steryl β-glucoside, and minerals include antihyperglycemia, low insulin index, antioxidative effect, antithrombosis, antihypertensive effect, hypocholesterolemia, and neuroprotective effects. The evidence so far suggests that there may be enormous benefits for diabetics in rice-consuming populations if white rice is replaced with GBR. However, long-term clinical studies are still needed to verify these findings on antidiabetic effects of GBR. Thus, we present a review on the antidiabetic properties of GBR from relevant preclinical and clinical studies, in order to provide detailed information on this subject for researchers to review the potential of GBR in combating this disease.

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Antidiabetic Properties of Germinated Brown Rice: A Systematic Review

Structural analysis of novel bioactive acylated steryl glucosides in pre-germinated brown rice bran

Background: The pathology of diabetic neuropathy involves oxidative stress on pancreatic b-cells, and is related to decreased levels of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Acylated steryl b-glucoside (PR-ASG) found in pre-germiated brown rice is a bioactive substance exhibiting properties that enhance activity of homocysteine-thiolactonase (HTase), reducing oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy. The biological importance of PR-ASG in pancreatic b-cells remains unknown. Here we examined the effects of PR-ASG on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in b-cells exposed to oxidative stress. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present study, a pre-germinated brown rice (PR)-diet was tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Compared with diabetic rats fed control diets, the PR-diet fed rats showed an improvement of serum metabolic and neurophysiological parameters. In addition, IGF-1 levels were found to be increased in the serum, liver, and pancreas of diabetic rats fed the PR-diet. The increased IGF-1 level in the pancreas led us to hypothesize that PR-ASG is protective for islet b-cells against the extensive injury of advanced or severe diabetes. Thus we examined PR-ASG to determine whether it showed anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative effects on the insulin-secreting b-cells line, INS-1; and additionally, whether PR-ASG stimulated IGF-1 autocrine secretion/IGF-1-dependent glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated for the first time that PR-ASG increases IGF-1 production and secretion from pancreatic b-cells. Conclusion/Significance: These findings suggest that PR-ASG may affect pancreatic b-cells through the activation of an IGF1-dependent mechanism in the diabetic condition. Thus, intake of pre-germinated brown rice may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes, in particular diabetic neuropathy.

IGF-1 induction by acylated steryl β-glucosides found in a pre-germinated brown rice diet reduces oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To clarify a new action mechanism of a sterol glycoside contained in germinated unpolished rice and, particularly, to provide a safe IGF-1 secretion promoter exhibiting effects for ameliorating diabetic pathology and protecting a pancreatic cell. SOLUTION: The IGF-1 secretion promoter comprises a sterol glycoside derived from germinated unpolished rice as an effective ingredient. In the IGF-1 secretion promoter, the sterol glycoside derived from germinated unpolished rice is a sterol derived from bran of germinated unpolished rice. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Igf-1 secretion promoter

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To clarify a new action mechanism of a sterol glycoside contained in germinated unpolished rice and, particularly, to provide a safe peroral anti-aging agent. SOLUTION: The anti-aging agent comprises a sterol glycoside derived from germinated unpolished rice as an effective ingredient. In the anti-aging agent, the sterol glycoside derived from germinated unpolished rice is a sterol derived from bran of germinated unpolished rice. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Peroral anti-aging agent

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To pay an attention to a sterol glycoside contained in germinated unpolished rice, and clarify a new mechanism of action thereof.SOLUTION: The adiponectin production-promoting agent contains a sterol glycoside derived from germinated unpolished rice as an active ingredient.

Shota Nonaka

Papers

Structural analysis of novel bioactive acylated steryl glucosides in pre-germinated brown rice bran

IGF-1 induction by acylated steryl β-glucosides found in a pre-germinated brown rice diet reduces oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Igf-1 secretion promoter

Peroral anti-aging agent

Adiponectin production-promoting agent