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Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods

BACKGROUND Abdominal wall hernias are a very common surgical condition affecting all ages and both sexes. The main risk factors of hernias include pregnancy, weight lifting, constipation, and weight gain. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of abdominal hernias, their causes, treatment and complications among both sexes of the Arar population (Saudi Arabia). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,567 adults living in Arar city in 2017. Data was collected by personal interview via questionnaire translated into Arabic, and general and local examination. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistics and Chi Square test. RESULTS The overall prevalence of abdominal hernias was 11.7%, hernias were more prevalent in females than in males (63.4% vs. 36.6%), the most common cases were para-umbilical 33.9%, inguinal 27.3%, and umbilical in 20.8% of the cases, 51.9% were obese, 53.6% had previous abdominal surgery, 19.1% had previous abdominal trauma, 28.4% had positive family history of hernia and 39.9% were grand multipara. Hernias were significantly affected by sex, obesity, previous abdominal surgery, previous abdominal trauma, positive family history of hernias and being grand multipara (p<0.05). Treatment of hernias was surgical in 47.5% and conservative in 47.0%, complications occurred in 20.2% and 25.1% were recurrent after treatment. CONCLUSION Abdominal wall hernias are a common clinical presentation in Arar, KSA. Abdominal hernias are more common in women than men, there is an obvious relationship between obesity and hernias. Early diagnosis, easily accessible health facilities and health education are important to prevent complications. New modality of treatment should be adopted as the standard choice of care to prevent recurrence.

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Prevalence, risk factors and character of abdominal hernia in Arar City, Northern Saudi Arabia in 2017.

Digital Rolling Circle Amplification–Based Detection of Ebola and Other Tropical Viruses

We have analysed oral wash samples from 72 healthy young adults in Valencia (Spain) for a metagenomic analysis through the construction of shotgun libraries and high-throughput-sequencing. The oral viral communities have been taxonomically characterised as well as and the gene content from the latter. The majority of viruses are found in few individuals, with single occurrences being the most widespread ones, whereas universally distributed viruses, while present, are relatively rare, with bacteriophages from families Siphoviridae and Myoviridae, and Streptococcus phages, as well as the eukaryotic viral family Herpesviridae amongst the most widespread viruses. No significant differences were found between females and males for either viruses and bacteria in abundance and alpha and beta diversity. The virome show similarities with other oral viromes previously reported for healthy individuals, suggesting the existence of a universal core of oral viruses, at least in the Western society, regardless of the geographical location.

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The analysis of the oral DNA virome reveals which viruses are widespread and rare among healthy young adults in Valencia (Spain).

Background: The protrusion from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal is called inguinal hernia. Although several hypotheses regarding the etiology of inguinal hernia have been proposed, large-scale data on the occurrence of inguinal hernia may provide further understanding to the pathophysiology of inguinal hernia development. This study was conducted with the intention of identifying the various types of inguinal hernia observed in our area as well as their risk factors. Methods: All the study subjects had come to the hospital with complaints of groin swelling with or without pain. The patient was palpated at each groin to observe if there was a visible and clearly palpable hernia, a palpable impulse or a previous operational scar. Details of the hernia, such as the type of hernia, primary or recurrent were also noted. Results: Out of the 212 patients, 79.2% patients were males and 20.8% were females and the commonest age group was 31-60 years. 74.5% of the cases were primary inguinal hernia while 25.5% were recurrent hernia. Period of swelling was less than one year for majority of the patients, while the least of them had swelling for more than 2 years. The most common cause for the presence of hernia was lifting heavy objects in 52.4% and improper bowel movements (46.7%). Conclusions: These type of studies need to be conducted in every geographical area so that it can be helpful for future studies in prediction of the prevalence of inguinal hernias.

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Prevalence and risk factors of inguinal hernia: a study in a semi-urban area in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh, India

Background
There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health, especially in adults The present study was performed to determine the effect of westernization on the oral health of college students of Udaipur City, Rajasthan

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Effect of westernization on oral health among college students of Udaipur City, India.

Background & Objective: To assess the Prevalence of hernia among fishermen population in Kutch District, India. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 553 adults living in Kutch District, Gujarat, India, during July to August 2014. Chi-square test was used for comparisons. Confidence level and p-value were set at 95% and 5%, respectively. Results: Lingual hernia had highest prevalence (21.8%) followed by Incsional (15.7) and paraumbelical (13.7%). Hernia of right-direct had 45.9% of prevalence which was highest among all followed by left direct (30.1%) and right-indirect (12.1). Conclusion: The prevalence of hernia among fishermen population was higher than general populations. Early diagnosis, easily accessible health facilities and health education are important to prevent complications. [Rao G NJIRM 2015; 6(4):44-51]

Prevalence Of Hernia Among Fishermen Population In Kutch District, India -

Infectious diseases that either occur uniquely or more commonly in steamy and subtropical regions, are either more widespread in the tropics or extra tricky to prevent or control. The citizens who are the majority exaggerated by these diseases are frequently the poorest populations, whose residence is in remote, rural areas, urban slums or conflict zones. Neglected tropical diseases persevere under circumstances of scarcity and are intense approximately solely in poor populations in the developing world. The designation “tropical diseases” arise at no meticulous date and was slowly merge, as microorganisms came to be recognized as the underlying factor of diseases and had their broadcast mechanisms elucidate. In practice, the term is often taken to pass on to infectious diseases that flourish in burning, moist circumstances, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, and dengue. A number of the organisms that grounds tropical diseases are bacteria and viruses, conditions that may be recognizable to the majority people as these types of organisms’ grounds sickness common. Fewer well recognized are those more compound organisms usually referred to as parasites. Global warming donates in introducing and scattering more diseases internationally, but in short term; it defiantly would not reason any epidemic circumstances by itself.

Keywords: Global warming, Malaria, Tropical diseases, WHO

https://www.ijmmtd.org/journal-article-file/2838

An introduction to Tropical Disease: A review article

New wound care technologies are being developed at an increasingly rapid pace in recent years. These innovations could significantly reduce the overall costs for treating complex and chronic wounds, while offering greater savings in preventing wounds and their recurrence. The ultimate goal of wound management is the prevention of wounds, or the halting of wound deterioration to achieve more rapid healing. This goal can only be accomplished by intervening with appropriate quality care, in a timely manner. Expenses related to wound care may include surgical and diagnostic procedures, pharmaceuticals, and fees for services provided by physicians and other healthcare professionals. Other costs include the use of medical equipment, the use of devices to provide compression or support for surfaces, wound closing, and the cost of skin care protection products, compression bandages, and changing dressings. Patients need access to the best standard of care to heal their wounds, prevent complications and restore quality of life. This is the goal of healthcare providers and is cost-effective for the health care system. [Pujara P NJIRM et al 2015; 6(3):94-97]

Shrikant Patel

Papers

Effect of westernization on oral health among college students of Udaipur City, India.

Prevalence Of Hernia Among Fishermen Population In Kutch District, India -

An introduction to Tropical Disease: A review article

Recent Advances in Wound Management.