Wireless networks that are decentralized and communicate without using existing infrastructure are known as mobile ad-hoc networks. The most common sorts of threats and attacks can affect MANETs. Therefore, it is advised to utilize intrusion detection, which controls the system to detect additional security issues. Monitoring is essential to avoid attacks and provide extra protection against unauthorized access. Although the current solutions have been designed to defeat the attack nodes, they still require additional hardware, have considerable delivery delays, do not offer high throughput or packet delivery ratios, or do not do so without using more energy. The capability of a mobile node to forward packets, which is dependent on the platform's life quality, may be impacted by the absence of the network node power source. We developed the Safe Routing Approach (SRA), which uses behaviour analysis to track and monitor attackers who discard packets during the route discovery process. The attacking node recognition system is made for irregular routing node detection to protect the controller network's usual properties from becoming recognized as an attack node. The suggested method examines the nearby attack nodes and conceals the trusted node in the routing pathway. The path is instantly assigned after the initial discovery of trust nodes based on each node's strength value. It extends the network's life span and reduces packet loss. In terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), energy consumption, network performance, and detection of attack nodes, the suggested approach is contrasted with AIS, ZIDS, and Improved AODV. The findings demonstrate that the recommended strategy performs superior in terms of PDR, residual energy, and network throughput.

Safe Routing Approach by Identifying and Subsequently Eliminating the Attacks in MANET

HOFT-MP: A Multipath Routing Algorithm Using Hybrid Optimal Fault Tolerant System for WSNs Using Optimization Techniques

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are considered to be among the most important scientific domains. Yet, the exploitation of WSNs suffers from the severe energy restrictions of their electronic components. For this reason there are numerous scientific methods that have been proposed aiming to achieve the extension of the lifetime of WSNs, either by energy saving or energy harvesting or through energy transfer. This study aims to analytically examine all of the existing hardware-based and algorithm-based mechanisms of this kind. The operating principles of 48 approaches are studied, their relative advantages and weaknesses are highlighted, open research issues are discussed, and resultant concluding remarks are drawn.

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Energy Sustainability in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Analytical Survey

In view of the rescue delay due to traffic congestion in the urban road network, this paper implemented real-time traffic control with congestion index constraints in emergency vehicle dispatching and proposed a two-stage optimization model and algorithm. In the first stage, salp swarm algorithm (SSA) was combined with Dijkstra algorithm, and a novel hybrid algorithm with new updating rules was designed to get the multiple alternative paths. In the second stage, an improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) with a population grouping strategy was proposed to obtain the best evacuation schemes and the optimal rescue paths of emergency vehicles. Results of the illustrative examples show that, after evacuation, the average travel time of all alternative paths is reduced by 24.22%, while traffic congestion indexes of the adjacent road sections almost unchanged. The computation time of the hybrid algorithm for obtaining the set number of alternative paths is 56.62% and 50.47% shorter than that of bat algorithm (BA) and SSA. For the solution of the evacuation model, the computation time of the ISSA is 33.51%, 30.15%, and 30.60% shorter than that of particle swarm optimization (PSO), BA, and SSA, and the optimal solution of the ISSA is 25.92%, 10.06%, and 0.97% better than that of PSO, BA, and SSA. That is, we shorten the emergency response time and control the adverse impact of traffic evacuation on background traffic. The improved algorithm has excellent performance. This study provides a new idea and method for emergency rescue of traffic accidents. 

Dynamic Emergency Vehicle Path Planning and Traffic Evacuation Based on Salp Swarm Algorithm

To solve the problem of unbalanced energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Network( WSN), the Multi-path Routing Protocol based on Three-dimensional Space and Regional Co-evolution( MRPTSRC) was proposed. The zoning model was designed to divide the one-hop neighborhood nodes into a set of subspaces. MRPTSRC selected the local optimum node from every subspace and decided the next hop node by the Regional Co-evolution Algorithm( RCA). Weighted strategy of the forward local optimum node was proposed to escape from local optimum and accelerate the convergence speed toward the Sink node. Simulations were conducted on NS-2 platform, the time of the first node death of MRPTSRC was respectively increased by 6% and 3% of the total time, compared with DEgree COnstrained Routing( DECOR) and Forward-Aware Factor for Energy Balance Routing Protocol( FAF-EBRP). The ratio of dead nodes and the relay time of MRPTSRC respectively declined up to 38% and 30%, the standard deviation of the residual energy decreased by 16. 7%, when compared with FAF-EBRP. The network lifetime of MRPTSRC increased by 30% compared with DECOR. The simulation results show that MRPTSRC can effectively improve the network performance.

Multi-path routing protocol based on three-dimensional space and regional co-evolution in wireless sensor network

The two most important factors that must be considered in the wireless sensor networks are energy efficiency and fault tolerance. Multipath routing is an effective method to improve the fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks. By taking the energy consumption into consideration, in this paper, a multipath routing algorithm for the wireless sensor networks based on the genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm computes the fitness function by using the distance between nodes in the network and then generates the routing scheme at the base station. The routing scheme is shared with all the nodes of the entire network, to realize the multipath routing for each node. Finally, the simulation experiment is used to verify the validity of our method, and the results show that the routing method in this paper has a better effect.

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Shuang Wang

Papers

Multipath Routing Based on Genetic Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks