A Survey of Fault Prediction and Location Methods in Electrical Energy Distribution Networks

The United Nations’ sustainable development goals have emphasized implementing sustainability to ensure environmental security for the future. Affordable energy, clean energy, and innovation in infrastructure are the relevant sustainable development goals that are applied to the energy sector. At present, digital technologies have a significant capability to realize the target of sustainability in energy. With this motivation, the study aims to discuss the significance of different digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, blockchain, and big data and their implementation in the different stages of energy such as generation, distribution, transmission, smart grid, and energy trading. The study also discusses the different architecture that has been implemented by previous studies for smart grid computing. Additionally, we addressed IoT-based microgrids, IoT services in electrical equipment, and blockchain-based energy trading. Finally, the article discusses the challenges and recommendations for the effective implementation of digital technologies in the energy sector for meeting sustainability. Big data for energy analytics, digital twins in smart grid modeling, virtual power plants with Metaverse, and green IoT are the major vital recommendations that are discussed in this study for future enhancement.

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Energy System 4.0: Digitalization of the Energy Sector with Inclination towards Sustainability

A single-ended traveling-wave-based fault location for a hybrid transmission line using detected arrival times and TW′s polarity

This paper presents a novel two-terminal fault location algorithm without using line parameters. The algorithm is formulated using unsynchronized voltage and current phasors of the fundamental frequency at both ends. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the fact that it takes into account different angles of synchronism mismatch in pre-fault and fault conditions while considering distributed parameter line model and its solution is in closed form. Simulation results and performance comparison with existing methodology are presented under different fault conditions. The simulations were performed on EMTP-RV platform. The algorithm has also been tested with practical data of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL). The test result shows the validity and accuracy of the developed fault location algorithm. 

A Closed Form Solution for Line Parameter-Less Fault Location With Unsynchronized Measurements

Feasibility study of intelligent fault location estimation methods for double-circuit transmission lines

This letter presents a novel non-iterative impedance based two-terminal fault location algorithm with unsynchronized terminals. The novelty of this method lies in the fact that it is non-iterative, does not require signal alignment, are independent of fault classification, suitable for both transposed and untransposed lines with distributed line model. Several results of simulations on standard and practical data of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) are presented. The test results verifies the validity and accuracy of the developed fault location algorithm.

A Novel Non-Iterative Fault Location Algorithm for Transmission Line With Unsynchronized Terminal

Low complexity successive interference cancellation receiver for DCT-NOMA-OFDM system with CFO

Synchronized measurements at both terminals play an important role in determining the distance to fault location very accurately. However, there always exists a possibility of receiving unsynchronized signals due to loss of Global Positioning System (GPS) connection. Moreover, the performance of an online two-terminal fault locator is also affected by communication channel distortion. Considering the above, this paper presents a novel non-iterative impedance-based fault location algorithm on two-terminal, which is immune to both signal synchronization and communication channel distortion. Formulation of the proposed algorithm is based on application of symmetrical component phasors of the fundamental frequency while considering distributed line model. The proposed algorithm has been tested and analyzed in EMTP-RV platform under various fault conditions. The test result validates efficacy of the proffered algorithm for fault location.

A Unified Fault Location Algorithm for Online and Offline Application Immune to Synchronized Measurement Errors

For series-compensated line, the distance relay finds its limitations during voltage inversion, current inversion, load encroachment, power swing and balanced fault during the power swing. These limitations can be overcome by wide-area backup protection schemes. This study proposes a novel fault detection technique utilising the synchrophasor data of voltage and current signals at system protection centre. The algorithm compares the phase angle difference between positive-sequence voltage phasor under system intact condition and real-time positive- or negative-sequence current phasor, which is computed from the synchronised data obtained from phasor data concentrator after identifying the possible critical buses to which the faulted line is connected. Different cases of fault type, distance and resistance have been considered to validate the proposed scheme with 3-generator, 9-bus western system coordinating council using MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results justify the suitability of the proposed scheme to be deployed for achieving more reliable performance.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0285

Novel phasor sequence-based fault detection scheme for wide-area backup protection of series-compensated line

Channel estimation is an essential technology for any multi-carrier modulation (MCM) framework. Traditionally, least square (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimators are used based on the availability of channel state information (CSI). However, in the presence of radio frequency (RF) impairments, i.e., carrier frequency offset (CFO) and phase offset(PO), the statistical models lose their optimality. This paper proposes a batch normalized Bi-directional long short memory network (BBL-Net) based joint channel estimation and signal detection approach for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system in the presence of CFO and PO at the receiver. A combination of experiments has been conducted to find the optimum activation function for the BBL-Net architecture. Simulation results show that the trained model can recall and predict the information efficiently even in high interference scenarios and also provide robust performance in lower pilot numbers.

Shubham Anand

Papers

A Novel Non-Iterative Fault Location Algorithm for Transmission Line With Unsynchronized Terminal

Low complexity successive interference cancellation receiver for DCT-NOMA-OFDM system with CFO

A Unified Fault Location Algorithm for Online and Offline Application Immune to Synchronized Measurement Errors

Novel phasor sequence-based fault detection scheme for wide-area backup protection of series-compensated line

A BBL-Net based OFDM Signal Detection in the Presence of RF Impairments