https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/164632/2/01_Bin%2bSayeed_Global%252C_regional%252C_and_national_2018.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, andyears lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematicanalysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/122776/1/gbd2016riskfactorscollaborators2017_3028.pdf

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

The linkage of individuals with obesity and COVID-19 is controversial and lacks systematic reviews. After a systematic search of the Chinese and English language literature on COVID-19, 75 studies were used to conduct a series of meta-analyses on the relationship of individuals with obesity-COVID-19 over the full spectrum from risk to mortality. A systematic review of the mechanistic pathways for COVID-19 and individuals with obesity is presented. Pooled analysis show individuals with obesity were more at risk for COVID-19 positive, >46.0% higher (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30-1.65; p < 0.0001); for hospitalization, 113% higher (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.74-2.60; p < 0.0001); for ICU admission, 74% higher (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.46-2.08); and for mortality, 48% increase in deaths (OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22-1.80; p < 0.001). Mechanistic pathways for individuals with obesity are presented in depth for factors linked with COVID-19 risk, severity and their potential for diminished therapeutic and prophylactic treatments among these individuals. Individuals with obesity are linked with large significant increases in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. There are many mechanisms that jointly explain this impact. A major concern is that vaccines will be less effective for the individuals with obesity.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/obr.13128

Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships.

This research journal article presents a detailed overview of a cohort profile of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) which allows for the monitoring and understanding of socio-economic and health change in China from 1989-2011. The author discusses the history and development of the CHNS as a result of the countrys transformations since Chinas reform and open policy. The CHNS was established with the goal to develop a multipurpose longitudinal survey that would allow the research group to examine a series of economic sociological demographic and health questions. The article describes the design of the survey to include in-depth coverage at the individual household and community levels though it was not designed to be representative of China but to be randomly selected and capture a range of economic and demographic circumstances. It provides data randomly from eight different provinces and rounds have been completed nearly every three years since 1989. Though they are very complex to determine with the survey response rates and attrition are assessed along with descriptions of changes in lost-to-follow-up rates. The article describes key finds and publications to be numerous including links to obesity from occupation and transportation; nutrition and chronic disease; and important policy results for agriculture and poverty reduction programs. Lastly the author provides a summary of the CHNSs strengths and weaknesses and recommendations for accessing the data and further information.

Cohort Profile: The China Health and Nutrition Survey—monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989–2011

The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) began in 1989 with the goal of creating a multilevel method of data collection from individuals and households and their communities to understand how the wide-ranging social and economic changes in China affect a wide array of nutrition and health-related outcomes. Initiated with a partial sample in 1989, the full survey runs from 1991 to 2011, and this issue documents the CHNS history. The CHNS cohort includes new household formation and replacement communities and households; all household members are studied. Furthermore in-depth community data are collected. The sample began with eight provinces and added a ninth, Heilongjiang, in 1997 and three autonomous cities, Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing, in 2011. The in-depth community contextual measures have allowed us to create a unique measure of urbanicity that captures major dimensions of modernization across all 288 communities currently in the CHNS sample. The standardized, validated urbanicity measure captures the changes in 12 dimensions: population density; economic activity; traditional markets; modern markets; transportation infrastructure; sanitation; communications; housing; education; diversity; health infrastructure; and social services. Each is based on numerous measures applicable to each dimension. They are used jointly and separately in hundreds of studies.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/obr.12119

The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989-2011.

Objective: To fully explore the long-term shifts in the nutrition transition and the full implications of these changes in the Chinese diet. Design: A descriptive, population-based study. Setting: Data come from nationally representative surveys: the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989‐1997), the China National Nutrition Survey (1982 and 1992), the annual household consumption surveys of the State Statistical Bureau, and the Annual Death Report of China. Results: During the first part of the major economic transformation in China (before 1985), cereal intake increased but decreased thereafter. There was also a long-term reduction of vegetable consumption that has now stabilised. Intake of animal foods increased slowly before 1979 and more quickly after the economic reforms occurred. While the total energy intake of residents has decreased, as has energy expenditure, large changes in the composition of energy have occurred. The overall proportion of energy from fat increased quickly, reaching an overall average of 27.3% and 32.8% for urban residents in 1997. Over a third of all Chinese adults and 60.1% of those in urban areas consumed over 30% of their energy from fat in 1997. Large shifts towards increased inactivity at work and leisure occurred. These changes are linked with rapid increases of overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (DRNCDs) as well as total mortality for urban residents. Conclusions: The long-term trend is a shift towards a high-fat, high-energy-density and low-fibre diet. The Chinese have entered a new stage of the nutrition transition.

/pdf/a-new-stage-of-the-nutrition-transition-in-china-5gej70uy9t.pdf

Shufa Du

Papers

Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships.

Cohort Profile: The China Health and Nutrition Survey—monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989–2011

The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989-2011.

A new stage of the nutrition transition in China

Rapid income growth adversely affects diet quality in China--particularly for the poor!