An effective host defense mechanism involves inflammation to eliminate pathogens from the site of infection, followed by the resolution of inflammation and the restoration of tissue homeostasis. Lipoxins are endogenous anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving molecules that play a vital role in reducing excessive tissue injury and chronic inflammation. In this review, the mechanisms of action of lipoxins at the site of inflammation and their interaction with other cellular signaling molecules and transcription factors are discussed. Emphasis has also been placed on immune modulatory role(s) of lipoxins. Lipoxins regulate components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including neutrophils, macrophages, T-, and B-cells. Lipoxins also modulate levels of various transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, nerve growth factor-regulated factor 1A binding protein 1, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and control the expression of many inflammatory genes. Since lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins have clinical relevance, we discuss their important role in clinical research to treat a wide range of diseases like inflammatory disorders, renal fibrosis, cerebral ischemia, and cancer. A brief overview of lipoxins in viral malignancies and viral pathogenesis especially the unexplored role of lipoxins in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus biology is also presented.

/pdf/lipoxins-nature-s-way-to-resolve-inflammation-1e6wgpjdsa.pdf

Lipoxins: nature's way to resolve inflammation

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2016/np/c6np00059b

Diterpenoids of terrestrial origin

Acacetin, a flavone with diverse therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation, infections and other metabolic disorders.

Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology of cardiovascular, and safety with the perspective of new drugs development

Wogonoside displays anti-inflammatory effects through modulating inflammatory mediator expression using RAW264.7 cells.

The inhibitory activities of the components of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) on eicosanoid generation via lipoxygenase pathway.

The anti-inflammatory activities of an extract and compounds isolated from Platycladus orientalis (Linnaeus) Franco in vitro and ex vivo.

Four new compounds: an abietane (1), two isopimarane (2 and 3) diterpenes, and a dihydrobenzofuran neolignan (5), together with a sesquiterpene glycoside (6) firstly isolated from a natural source, and a known phenol glycoside (4) were isolated from leaves of Platycladus orientalis. The structures and relative configurations of these compounds were assigned on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined via density functional theory calculations of its electronic circular dichroism. In addition, the results of bioassays indicated that compounds 4 and 6 showed a potent inhibitory effect on NO production with IC₅₀ values of 24.4 and 11.9 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 1, 2, and 3 moderately inhibited TNF- α release.

Compounds from Platycladus orientalis and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide and TNF-α production.

Beneficial herb-drug interaction of Gnaphalium affine extract on benzbromarone: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in rats.

The extract of Gnaphalium affine has been reported to have antihyperuricemic and renal protective effects in vivo. The plant could alleviate acute hyperuricemia by inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD). 3,4,5-Tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4,5-triCQA), 4,4',6'-trihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone (Chal), and caffeic acid (CA) were identified as the main ingredients of the plant attributed to the potential to retard XOD activity. However, whether the compounds were the effective ingredient of the plant exerting antihyperuricemic activity remained largely unknown. In this study, an experimental mouse model of hyperuricemia was induced by potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine, and orally administered with 3,4,5-triCQA (10 and 20 mg/kg/d), Chal (20 and 40 mg/kg/d), and CA (40 and 80 mg/kg/d) for 6 consecutive days, respectively. Then, serum urate levels and liver XOD activities were assessed. The liver- or kidney-to body weight ratio was calculated. Allopurinol (AP, 50 mg/kg/d) and benzbromarone (BBR, 10 mg/kg/d) were used as controls. Our data showed that there were 52.7 to 81.0% inhibitions in XOD activities in mice treated with 3,4,5-TriCQA (10 and 20 mg/kg/d), Chal (20 and 40 mg/kg/d), and CA (80 mg/kg/d), and 38.8 to 72.5% reduction in uric acid levels in mice treated with 3,4,5-TriCQA (20 mg/kg/d), Chal (20 and 40 mg/kg/d), and CA (40 and 80 mg/kg/d). A larger kidney-to-body weight ratio was observed in hyperuricemic mice and further enhanced by AP treatment. However, the increasing trend was significantly reversed by additional treatment of 3,4,5-triCQA (10 and 20 mg/kg/d) and CA (40 mg/kg/d). Given the above fundings, 3,4,5-triCQA, Chal, and CA may be the key component responsible for the in vivo activities of G. affine for urate-lowering therapy and even promising agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia.

/pdf/in-vivo-antihyperuricemic-activities-of-345-tri-o-2z2kmr89.pdf

In Vivo Antihyperuricemic Activities of 3,4,5-Tri- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 4,4',6'-Trihydroxy-2'-Methoxychalcone, and Caffeic Acid from the Aerial Parts of Gnaphalium Affine

Si-Yang Fan

Papers

The inhibitory activities of the components of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) on eicosanoid generation via lipoxygenase pathway.

The anti-inflammatory activities of an extract and compounds isolated from Platycladus orientalis (Linnaeus) Franco in vitro and ex vivo.

Compounds from Platycladus orientalis and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide and TNF-α production.

Beneficial herb-drug interaction of Gnaphalium affine extract on benzbromarone: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in rats.

In Vivo Antihyperuricemic Activities of 3,4,5-Tri- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 4,4',6'-Trihydroxy-2'-Methoxychalcone, and Caffeic Acid from the Aerial Parts of Gnaphalium Affine