The issue of religious liberty has gained ever-increasing attention among policy makers and the public. Whereas politicians have long championed the idea of religious freedom and tolerance, the actual achievement of these goals has been an arduous battle for religious minorities. What motivates political leaders to create laws providing for greater religious liberty? In contrast to scholars who argue that religious liberty results from the spread of secularization and modern ideas, Anthony Gill argues that religious liberty results from interest-based calculations of secular rulers. Using insights from political economists, Gill develops a theory of the origins of religious liberty based upon the political and economic interests of governing officials. Political leaders are most likely to permit religious freedom when it enhances their own political survival, tax revenue, and the economic welfare of their country. He explores his theory using cases from British America, Latin America, Russia, and the Baltic states.

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The Political Origins of Religious Liberty

Part I. Setting the Scene: 1. The argument: mosquito determinism and its limits 2. Atlantic empires and Caribbean ecology 3. Deadly fevers, deadly doctors Part II. Imperial Mosquitoes: 4. From Recife to Kourou: yellow fever takes hold, 1620-1764 5. Cartagena and Havana: yellow fever rampant Part III. Revolutionary Mosquitoes: 6. Lord Cornwallis vs anopheles quadrimaculatus, 1780-1 7. Revolutionary fevers: Haiti, New Granada, and Cuba, 1790-1898 8. Epilogue: vector and virus vanquished.

Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620–1914

From 1400 to 1900 the Atlantic Ocean served as a major highway, allowing people and goods to move easily between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. These interactions and exchanges transformed European, African, and American societies and led to the creation of new peoples, cultures, economies, and ideas throughout the Atlantic arena. The Atlantic World provides a comprehensive and lucid history of one of the most important and impactful cross-cultural encounters in human history. Empires, economies, and trade in the Atlantic world thrived due to the European drive to expand as well as the creative ways in which the peoples living along the Atlantic's borders adapted to that drive. This comprehensive, cohesively written textbook offers a balanced view of the activity in the Atlantic world. The 40 maps, 60 illustrations, and multiple excerpts from primary documents bring the history to life. Each chapter offers a reading list for those interested in a more in-depth look at the period.

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The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their Shared History, 1400-1900

The American and Latin American independence movements emerged from distinctive settings and produced divergent results, but they were animated by similar ideas Patriotic political theorists throughout the Americas offered analogous critiques of imperial rule, designed comparable constitutions, and expressed common ambitions for their new nations' future relations with one another and the rest of the world This book adopts a hemispheric perspective on the revolutions that liberated the United States and Spanish America, offering a new interpretation of their most important political ideas Simon argues that the many points of agreement among various revolutionary political theorists across the Americas can be attributed to the problems they encountered in common as Creoles - that is, as the descendants of European settlers born in the Americas He illustrates this by comparing the political thought of three Creole revolutionaries: Alexander Hamilton of the United States, Simon Bolivar of Venezuela, and Lucas Alaman of Mexico

The Ideology of Creole Revolution: Imperialism and Independence in American and Latin American Political Thought

Historians have studied Anglo-Spanish relations for several years; however the diversity of British opinions towards the Spanish as revealed in the newspapers have been marginalised throughout history. The literature on the Peninsular War has been extensive, contributing to the overall narrative of British hostility and superiority towards the Spanish typified by the Black Legend. Britain’s opinions and support for the independence of South America and the Spanish Revolution of 1820 have been understood as overwhelmingly supportive of these movements. This study challenges these views and maps the change in British observers’ perceptions over thirty years, from the Peninsular War to the forgotten Carlist War. To judge these different attitudes and the extent of this change, British opinions will be examined from various angles, from the political ruling class in government, the military and the active British public, who debated issues in the newspapers and wrote memoirs of their experiences. This study shows a wider range of British perceptions on the issues of Spain and South America than most previous historians of the topic have suggested. That there was a persuasive conservative view of Spain held by many people who supported the rights of the Spanish monarchy against the rise of liberal political ideas and Britain’s two political parties did not always hold opinions which reflected wider public perceptions. This study gives us a more comprehensive understanding of British opinions of Spain, the control of information by newspapers, demonstrating that opinions were less resolute and that perceptions did change with time.

Changing British Perceptions of Spain in Times of War and Revolution, 1808 to 1838

Sensible como debo, al interes que usted ha querido tomar por la suerte de mi patria, afligiendose con ella por los tormentos que padece, desde su descubrimiento hasta estos ultimos periodos, por parte de sus destructores los espanoles, no siento menos el comprometimiento en que me ponen las solicitas demandas que usted me hace, sobre los objetos mas importantes de la politica americana. Asi, me encuentro en un conflicto, entre el deseo de corresponder a la confianza con que usted me favorece, y el impedimento de satisfacerle, tanto por la falta de documentos y de libros, cuanto por los limitados conocimientos que poseo de un pais tan inmenso, variado y desconocido como el Nuevo Mundo.

Carta de Jamaica.

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Doctrina del libertador

General Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), called El Liberator, and sometimes the 'George Washington' of Latin America, was the leading hero of the Latin American independence movement. His victories over Spain won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Bolivar became Columbia's first president in 1819. In 1822, he became dictator of Peru. Upper Peru became a separate state, which was named Bolivia in Bolivar's honor, in 1825. The constitution, which he drew up for Bolivia, is one of his most important political pronouncements. Today he is remembered throughout South America, and in Venezuela and Bolivia his birthday is a national holiday. Although Bolivar never prepared a systematic treatise, his essays, proclamations, and letters constitute some of the most eloquent writing not of the independence period alone, but of any period in Latin American history. His analysis of the region's fundamental problems, ideas on political organization and proposals for Latin American integration are relevant and widely read today, even among Latin Americans of all countries and of all political persuasions. The "Cartagena Letter," the "Jamaica Letter," and the "Angostura Address," are widely cited and reprinted.

El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar

En 1817, el Ejercito Patriota conquista Guayana, triunfo que dio un viraje a la lucha independentista de Venezuela, en medio de las dificultades que implicaba el hecho de que las tropas realistas al mando de Pablo Morillo controlaran el centro y el norte -donde se ubicaba el corazon economico y politico de Venezuelaasi como las conspiraciones y desconocimiento de la autoridad del Libertador, por parte de algunos de sus jefes militares como Juan Bautista Arismendi, Santiago Marino, Jose Francisco Bermudez y Manuel Piar

Discurso de Angostura

Contestacion de un americano meridional a un caballero de esta isla Kingston, 6 de septiembre de 1815.  Me apresuro a contestar la carta del 29 del mes pasado que Vd. Me hizo el honor de dirigirme, y que yo recibi con la mayor satisfaccion.  Sensible, como debo, al interes que Vd. ha querido tomar por la suerte de mi patria, afligiendose con ella por los tormentos que padece, desde su descubrimiento hasta estos ultimos periodos, por parte de sus destructores los espanoles, no siento menos el comprometimiento en que me ponen las solicitas demandas que Vd. me hace sobre los objetos mas importantes de la politica americana. Asi, me encuentro en un conflicto, entre el deseo de corresponder a la confianza con que Vd. me favorece, y el impedimento de satisfacerla, tanto por la falta de documentos y libros, cuanto por los limitados conocimientos que poseo de un pais tan inmenso, variado y desconocido, como el Nuevo Mundo. (…)

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5317897.pdf

Simón Bolívar

Papers

Carta de Jamaica.

Doctrina del libertador

El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar

Discurso de Angostura

La Carta de Jamaica