Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism B Biointerfaces

Immune activities of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. What do we know so far?

The immune system is the central regulator of tissue homeostasis, ensuring tissue regeneration and protection against both pathogens and the neoformation of cancer cells. Its proper functioning requires homeostatic properties, which are maintained by an adequate balance of myeloid and lymphoid responses. Aging progressively undermines this ability and compromises the correct activation of immune responses, as well as the resolution of the inflammatory response. A subclinical syndrome of "homeostatic frailty" appears as a distinctive trait of the elderly, which predisposes to immune debilitation and chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), causing the uncontrolled development of chronic and degenerative diseases. The innate immune compartment, in particular, undergoes to a sequela of age-dependent functional alterations, encompassing steps of myeloid progenitor differentiation and altered responses to endogenous and exogenous threats. Here, we will review the age-dependent evolution of myeloid populations, as well as their impact on frailty and diseases of the elderly. 

/pdf/immunosenescence-inflammaging-and-frailty-role-of-myeloid-1ekuhgs6.pdf

Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, and Frailty: Role of Myeloid Cells in Age-Related Diseases

Dosimetry of gamma chamber blood irradiator using Gafchromic EBT film.

Systems biology is presently a field of interest for computational biologists to collect comprehensive biological datasets to gain information about the constituent molecules. With the help of this subject, one can solve problems of compound biological regulatory systems as this field can offer knowledge and new opportunities for practical application natural science.

This book provides valuable information on ageing and health-related issues, not only for basic ageing researchers, but also for health care professionals who are inclined to learn more about the role of systems biology in ageing and health. The book includes an introduction and 13 chapters with 36 figures and nine tables. In each section, leading experts have shared their scientific knowledge about their field of expertise related to ageing, covering a broad range of topics such as ageing networks, modulating mTOR, diet-microbiota-health, etc. In every chapter, the authors entail the reader on a journey through the current advances in ageing with a cover image that represents nutshell of the core topic.

The “Introduction” provides a background of systems biology, its importance in the field of biology as well as a brief description of each chapter contributed by different authors. The first chapter entitled “Introduction to the Theory of Aging Networks” describes systems biology and its use in the perceptison of the dynamics of ageing using network mathematics. The chapter starts with a history of network analysis and ends with possible genes and protein systems that control an organism's life span using graph theory.

The second chapter, “Applications to Aging Networks”, includes additional network concepts and applications of the systems biology of ageing. These concepts and models have been used on two model organisms namely, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans.

In the third chapter, “Computational Systems Biology for Aging Research”, study of the ageing process is discussed through the dynamic computational modelling using differential equations. It also describes how different computational models can illustrate complicated age-related disorders allied with unhealthy ageing using this platform.

Chapter 4 entitled “How Does the Body Know How Old It Is? Introducing the Epigenetic Clock Hypothesis” starts with biological clocks which assist in controlling circadian cycles, seasonal rhythms and other normal processes such as growth, development, sexual development, etc. in both animals and plants. A number of ageing clocks have been projected in this section such as cellular senescence suprachiasmatic nucleus, involution of the thymus, the hypothalamus, etc. Finally, the author suggests a novel epigenetics based candidate for an ageing clock, which is the state of chromosome methylation especially in stem cells. However, this hypothesis needs to be validated.

In the fifth chapter, “The Great Evolutionary Divide: Two Genomic Systems Biologies of Ageing” the authors describe two different types ageing in species. This section also provides an evolutionary argument that ageing in various species with frequent sexual recombination is moderately diverse. One type of systems biology of ageing spotlights the effects on mutants, transgenic, combinations, etc. The patterns of ageing related to genome-wide effects, as well as genetic drift on the abundant polymorphic loci have also been commented on.

The sixth chapter entitled “Development and Ageing: Two Opposite but Complementary Phenomena” discusses two different and corresponding aspects of ageing. To compare from the evolutionary point of view, several systems biology techniques to represent ageing-related networks for human and murine models have been used. Finally, validation of the DevAge molecular model has also been dealt with.

An individual's health deficits accumulate during the life span and may be reflected in ageing, which is discussed in the chapter entitled “Aging as a Process of Deficit Accumulation: Its Utility and Origin”. Here, the frailty index which is related to the biological age of the individual. A stochastic dynamics framework has been applied to model the standard recovery time that expands with age.

The eighth chapter entitled “Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation Connects Aging, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease” describes the connection of ageing with metabolic syndrome like diabetes and cardiovascular disease and its constant association with inflammatory conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), of the PI3K family, is extensively discussed for nutrient response pathway and is also shown to modulate the ageing process. The next chapter entitled “Modulating mTOR in Aging and Health” discusses the ageing process in evolutionarily different organisms as the mTOR activity is thought to prolong the life process from lower to higher organisms like yeast to rodents. Presently, scientists are studying the clinically accepted mTOR complexes and related signaling network which, may provide new promises for interference in human ageing and age-related diseases through the modulation of a particular pathway.

Chapter 10 entitled “Melatonin and Circadian Oscillators in Aging - A Dynamic Approach to the Multiply Connected Players” describes melatonin and its relation to ageing from the systems biology point of view. This hormone plays a vital role in modulating the mitochondrial electron flux, the redox balance as well as inhibits unnecessary free radical development. It also controls the essential circadian clocks and is necessary for high-amplitude rhythms. This chapter also discusses the association of the failure of melatonin release and rhythms to aging and age-related disease.

The subsequent chapter, “Diet-Microbiota-Health Interactions in Older Subjects: Implications for Healthy Aging” suggests that with the help of a healthy lifestyle and modern medicine, people can live longer. The chapter also relates the adult microbial population correlates, markers of inflammation and co-morbidity as well as the nutritional status and finally concludes with the significance of the microbial population and related metabolites in a healthy ageing process with the importance of diet modulation.

In chapter 12, entitled “Systems Biology Approaches in Aging Research”, systems biological advancements have been discussed. Features of the chief methodology such as refined mathematical and computational tools, mathematical modelling and data sets, etc have been detailed. It has been suggested that the present systems biological methods from other research fields can be worked out for new ageing-specific systems biological research methodology.

The last chapter provides an investigational proof for rapamycin on survival and carcinogenesis in the mouse model. It shows that rapamycin is a molecule for pharmacological intervention that can necessitate life period expansion and cancer deterrence.

In conclusion, the editors have succesed in bringing new systems biology perspectives to clinicians and basic scientists working in ageing and health research. Although seemingly aimed at ageing scientists and systems biology experts, this book should be read by everyone, especially those who work in clinical segments.

Aging and health - A systems biology perspective

The world is seeing a quick segment move towards a more established populace, a pattern with significant clinical, social, monetary and political ramifications. Maturing is a multifaceted procedure, including various sub-atomic and cell components with regards to various organ frameworks. A urgent part of maturing is a lot of useful and auxiliary adjustments in the invulnerable framework that can show as a diminished capacity to battle contamination, lessened reaction to inoculation, increased incidence of cancer, higher prevalence of autoimmunity and constitutive lowgrade inflammation, among others. In addition to cell-intrinsic changes in both innate and adaptive immune cells, alteration in the stromal microenvironment in primary and secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in age-associated immune dysfunction. This review will provide a broad overview of these phenomena and point out some of their clinical and therapeutic implications. This review study setting, discussing the gradual aging immune system. Data for this study is collected from different search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, Semantic scholar, Cochrane, NCBI, Medline, core science. A total of 53 articles were selected. The aging of the immune system is associated with dramatic changes in the distribution and competence of immune cells. Anti-Aging therapy should aim at prolonging T cells’ survival while weakening inflammation prone to innate immunity.

https://cibg.org.au/article_9867_6aed416d016740a2632725618ea66e22.pdf

Aging and Immune System: An Overview

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a special radiotherapy technique used to irradiate intracranial lesions by 3-D arrangements of narrow photon beams eliminating the needs of invasive surgery. Three different tertiary collimators, namely BrainLab and Radionics circular cones and BrainLab micro multileaf collimator (mMLC), are used for linear accelerator-based SRS systems (X-Knife). Output factor (S(t)), tissue maximum ratio (TMR) and off axis ratio (OAR) of these three SRS systems were measured using CC01 (Scanditronix/ Welhofer) and Pinpoint (PTW) cylindrical and Markus plane parallel ionization chambers as well as TLD and radiochromic film. Measurement results of CC01 and Pinpoint chambers were very close to each other which indicate that further reduction in volume and physical dimensions of cylindrical ionization chamber is not necessary for SRS/SRT dosimetry. Output factors of BrainLab and Radionics SRS cones were very close to each other while output factors of equivalent diameter mMLC field were different from SRS circular cones. TMR of the three SRS systems compared were very close to one another. OAR of Radionics cone and BrainLab mMLC were very close to each other, within 2%. However, OARs of BrainLab cone were found comparable to OARs of Radionics cone and BrainLab mMLC within maximum variation of 4%. In addition, user-measured similar data of other three mMLC X-Knives were compared with the mMLC X-Knife data measured in this work and found comparable. The concept of switching over to mMLC-based SRS/SRT is thus validated from dosimetric characteristics as well.

Dosimetric comparison of linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery systems

Sneha Kannan1, Lakshmi T*2, Ganesh Lakshmanan3 1Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 77, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 77, Tamil Nadu, India 3Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 77, Tamil Nadu, India

Sneha Kannan

Papers

Aging and Immune System: An Overview

Dosimetric comparison of linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery systems

Awareness on Mechanical and Chemical Plaque Control in Children- A Survey

A South Indian skull-based study of morphological and morphometrical measurements of foramen magnum

A survey on phobia - An anxiety disorder