Colorectal cancer (CRC), a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, evolves as a result of the stepwise accumulation of a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the normal colonic epithelium, leading to the development of colorectal adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas. Although genetic alterations have a major role in a subset of CRCs, the pathophysiological contribution of epigenetic aberrations in this malignancy has attracted considerable attention. Data from the past couple of decades has unequivocally illustrated that epigenetic marks are important molecular hallmarks of cancer, as they occur very early in disease pathogenesis, involve virtually all key cancer-associated pathways and, most importantly, can be exploited as clinically relevant disease biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of treatment response. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the best-studied epigenetic modifications in CRC, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, as well as the role of non-coding RNAs as epigenetic regulators. We focus on the emerging potential for the bench-to-bedside translation of some of these epigenetic alterations into clinical practice and discuss the burgeoning evidence supporting the potential of emerging epigenetic therapies in CRC as we usher in the era of precision medicine.

Epigenetics of colorectal cancer: biomarker and therapeutic potential.

Root exudates are a pathway for plant-microbial communication and play a key role in ecosystem response to environmental change. Here, we collate recent evidence that shows that plants of different growth strategies differ in their root exudation, that root exudates can select for beneficial soil microbial communities, and that drought affects the quantity and quality of root exudation. We use this evidence to argue for a central involvement of root exudates in plant and microbial response to drought and propose a framework for understanding how root exudates influence ecosystem form and function during and after drought. Specifically, we propose that fast-growing plants modify their root exudates to recruit beneficial microbes that facilitate their regrowth after drought, with cascading impacts on their abundance and ecosystem functioning. We identify outstanding questions and methodological challenges that need to be addressed to advance and solidify our comprehension of the importance of root exudates in ecosystem response to drought.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.16223

Plant root exudation under drought: implications for ecosystem functioning.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as an emerging class of quantum dots (QDs) with advantages such as good photoluminescence (PL) properties, easy synthesis routes, economical synthesis, cheap starting materials, water-solubility, low levels of toxicity, chemical stability, and easy functionalization have received great attention during recent years. CQDs have been used in versatile sensor applications. CQD sensors could be ultimately sensitive, and the limit of detection (LOD) for these sensors can reach the nanomolar, picomolar or even femtomolar ranges. CQD-based sensors and biosensors work with different mechanisms including fluorescence quenching, static quenching, dynamic quenching, energy transfer, inner filter effect (IFE), photo-induced electron transfer (PET), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). CQD-based sensors and biosensors have been applied for the detection of different species such as metal ions, acids, proteins, biothiols, polypeptides, DNA and miRNA, water pollutants, hematin, drugs, vitamins, and other chemicals. It seems that CQD-based sensors and biosensors are promising candidates for high performance and yet accurate sensors in different areas. In this review, CQDs are introduced, and the synthesis methods and optical properties of CQDs are discussed. Different types of CQD-based sensors and biosensors and their working mechanisms are clarified.

Principles, mechanisms, and application of carbon quantum dots in sensors: a review

Skin is the body’s first barrier against external pathogens that maintains the homeostasis of the body. Any serious damage to the skin could have an impact on human health and quality of life. Tissue engineering aims to improve the quality of damaged tissue regeneration. One of the most effective treatments for skin tissue regeneration is to improve angiogenesis during the healing period. Over the last decade, there has been an impressive growth of new potential applications for nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering. Various approaches have been developed to improve the rate and quality of the healing process using angiogenic nanomaterials. In this review, we focused on molecular mechanisms and key factors in angiogenesis, the role of nanobiomaterials in angiogenesis, and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches for accelerated wound healing based on improved angiogenesis.

/pdf/nanocomposite-scaffolds-for-accelerating-chronic-wound-3ksuu3xz0l.pdf

Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis.

Understanding genomic functions requires site-specific manipulation of loci via efficient protein effector targeting systems. However, few approaches for targeted manipulation of the epigenome are available in plants. Here, we adapt the dCas9-SunTag system to engineer targeted gene activation and DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that a dCas9-SunTag system utilizing the transcriptional activator VP64 drives robust and specific activation of several loci, including protein coding genes and transposable elements, in diverse chromatin contexts. In addition, we present a CRISPR-based methylation targeting system for plants, utilizing a SunTag system with the catalytic domain of the Nicotiana tabacum DRM methyltransferase, which efficiently targets DNA methylation to specific loci, including the FWA promoter, triggering a developmental phenotype, and the SUPERMAN promoter. These SunTag systems represent valuable tools for the site-specific manipulation of plant epigenomes.

/pdf/site-specific-manipulation-of-arabidopsis-loci-using-crispr-2nti346bjv.pdf

Site-specific manipulation of Arabidopsis loci using CRISPR-Cas9 SunTag systems

Scientific Reports 7: Article number: 40903; published online: 18 January 2017; updated: 16 March 2017 This Article contains errors in Figure 1 where Figure 1C and Figure 1D were inadvertently duplicated, and Figure 1E and Figure 1F were omitted. The correct Figure 1 appears below as Figure 1.

Correction: Corrigendum: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Raccoon Dog Skin to Determine Melanin Content in Hair and Melanin Distribution in Skin

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is an important canid fur-bearing animal species worldwide. Chinese raccoon dogs that present a white mutation, especially those with a white coat. Exploring melanin biosynthesis in the hair and skin of raccoon dogs is important for understanding the survival and evolutionary mechanisms of them. In this study, we measured the content of melanin in the hair of two types of raccoon dog and generated stained slices of skin tissue. The results indicated that melanin biosynthesis occurs in the wild-type (W) and white-type (B) raccoon dog skin, although less melanin is produced in B skin. We then sequenced the skin transcriptomes of W and B, compared the similarities and differences in expressed genes. A comparison of the gene expression showed 60 up-regulated genes and 127 down-regulated genes in B skin. We analyzed the unigenes and pathways related to the melanogenesis pathway and found that TYR, TYRP1, MC1R, SLC24a5, SLC45a2 and OCA2 were significantly down-regulated in B skin and these results were verified via qRT-PCR. We surmised that the phenotypic characteristics of the white mutation might be caused by the reduced expression of these genes and this finding provides new insights for future experiments in raccoon dogs.

/pdf/comparative-transcriptome-analysis-of-raccoon-dog-skin-to-2cavih46n7.pdf

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Raccoon Dog Skin to Determine Melanin Content in Hair and Melanin Distribution in Skin

The invention relates to ovary storing liquid and an ovary storing method, in particular to ovary constant-temperature storing liquid and an ovary constant-temperature storing method. The problems that at present, constant-temperature ovary storing time is over short, and the quantity and the quality of oocytes are affected are solved. The ovary constant-temperature storing liquid comprises phosphate buffer, glucose and tea polyphenols. The ovary constant-temperature storing method comprises the following steps of (1) removing adipose tissues surrounding an ovary and then rinsing the ovary by using normal saline; and (2) placing the ovary which is cleaned in the step (1) in the ovary constant-temperature storing liquid. The ovary constant-temperature storing liquid has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, high convenience and zero toxicity on cells. The ovary constant-temperature storing method is simple and is easy to operate; other refrigerating equipment is not required; and the ovary constant-temperature storing liquid and the ovary constant-temperature storing method are particularly suitable for collecting ovaries of wild animals in fields; and the collected ovaries of the animals can be conveyed at constant temperature by a long distance.

Ovary constant-temperature storing liquid and ovary constant-temperature storing method

Antler deer feed Chinese herbal medicine additive and production method of antler deer feed Chinese herbal medicine additive

The invention discloses a dilute solution used for preserving racoon dog seminal fluid at normal temperature, and a semen collection method. The dilute solution comprises following ingredients: 36 to 38g of glucose, 1.20 to 1.30g of sodium bicarbonate, 1.20 to 1.30g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, 5.50 to 6.30g of sodium citrate, 0.65 to 0.85g of potassium chloride, 0.50 to 3.05g of bovine serum albumin, 0.05 to 0.30g of acetylcysteine, 0.50 to 1.20g of penicillin, 0.30 to 1.00g of streptomycin, 0.05 to 1.50g of lincomycin and 0.01 to 0.05g of spectinomycin; and a mixture of the ingredients above is diluted to 1000ml by adding triple-distilled water so as to obtain the dilute solution. Key steps of the semen collection method are that: female racoon dogs in heat are used as dummy teaser; conditioned reflex of male racoon dogs to artificial semen collection is formed by training; the training is repeated for 3 to 4 times until conditioned reflex is formed; and then the female racoon dogs are replaced by a female racoon dog-simulated dummy teaser which is filled with urine of female racoon dogs in heat so as to collect male racoon dog semen. The dilute solution and the semen collection method can be used for collecting racoon dog semen, diluting for preservation, realizing artificial insemination and obtaining offspring; and are capable of promoting the popularization of racoon dog artificial insemination technologies, and increasing economic benefits of racoon dog industry.

Song Xingchao

Papers

Correction: Corrigendum: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Raccoon Dog Skin to Determine Melanin Content in Hair and Melanin Distribution in Skin

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Raccoon Dog Skin to Determine Melanin Content in Hair and Melanin Distribution in Skin

Ovary constant-temperature storing liquid and ovary constant-temperature storing method

Antler deer feed Chinese herbal medicine additive and production method of antler deer feed Chinese herbal medicine additive

Dilute solution used for preserving racoon dog seminal fluid at normal temperature, and semen collection method