Subcutaneous exenatide extended-release (ER; Bydureon™; also known as exenatide once weekly), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, provides a convenient, simple, once-weekly regimen that is approved in adult patients with type 2 diabetes as adjunctive monotherapy to diet plus exercise (in the US; not as first-line therapy) and/or as combination therapy with specific oral antihyperglycaemic drugs (OADs) in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes despite treatment with these OADs (US and Europe). This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of exenatide ER in the treatment of adult patients with type 2 diabetes and gives a brief overview of its pharmacological properties. In several short-term (24–30 weeks) well designed trials, adjunctive subcutaneously injectable exenatide ER once weekly, as monotherapy or in combination with OADs, significantly improved glycaemic control, bodyweight and some surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk in adult patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes despite diet and exercise and/or treatment with OADs. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of adjunctive exenatide ER therapy were sus-tained in extension studies of up to 3 years of treatment. Overall, the intensity of glycaemic control with exenatide ER was generally better than that observed with the exenatide immediate-release formulation (twice daily), sitagliptin or insulin glargine. Exenatide ER was shown to be noninferior to metformin in terms of glycaemic efficacy, but did not meet the criteria for noninferiority versus liraglutide. In treatment-naive patients, exenatide ER treatment did not meet non-inferiority criteria versus pioglitazone, whereas in treatment-experienced patients, exenatide ER provided better glycaemic control than pioglitazone. Improvements in glycaemic control with exenatide ER and, in general, with other antihyperglycaemic agents were reflected in significant improvements from baseline in treatment satisfaction and health-related quality-of-life measures. Exenatide ER was generally well tolerated in patients participating in these trials, with most treatment-emergent adverse events being of a gastrointestinal nature, of mild to moderate severity, transient and of a similar nature and incidence to those occurring with the exenatide immediate-release formulation. Thus, exenatide ER is a useful option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in patients where bodyweight loss is an essential aspect of the individual patient’s management.

Exenatide Extended-Release

Ternary liquid – Liquid equilibria for methyl isopropyl ketone + (resorcinol or hydroquinone) + water systems at different temperatures

Oleaginous yeast Trichosporon oleaginosus was studied for lipid production using municipal sludge with or without fortification of crude glycerol in a 15-L fermenter. The maximum lipid content (concentration) was 32.0% w/w (9.35 g/L), 33.6% (10.13 g/L), 33.3% (9.13 g/L), and 33.1% (9.03 g/L) w/w with the addition of 25, 50, 100, and 150 g/L glycerol, respectively. Glycerol concentration had little effect on lipid accumulation. However, glycerol concentration substantially affected increase of biomass concentration and cell count. The suitable glycerol concentration was approximately 40 g/L for Trichosporon oleaginosus growing in sludge medium with initial suspended solids (SS) concentration 30 g/L. Addition of nitrogen to sludge-glycerol medium enhanced lipid and biomass concentration. The energy conversion efficiency was 1.78, 1.55, and 1.71 with no nitrogen added, with addition of 1 g/L urea, and 3.7 g/L peptone, respectively. The biodiesel production cost was estimated nearly 0.75 US$/L.

Lipid Production for Biodiesel from Sludge and Crude Glycerol.

Biochemical 2,3-butanediol is a renewable material, but the lack of an effective separation process limits its industrial application. We developed an effective separation process to recover 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broth by reactive-extraction with ion-exchange resin HZ732 as catalyst. n-Butylaldehyde was used as both reactant and extractant. Feasible operation conditions were obtained as follows: room temperature, C
 cat
 =200 g·L−1, three-stage cross-current extraction, with reactant ratio (V
 Butylaldehyde
 : V
 fermentation broth
 ) 0.05 for each stage. Reactive-extraction can recover over 98% of 2,3-butanediol in the form of 2-propyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane from fermentation broth. Then 2,3-butanediol was obtained by hydrolyzing 2-propyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane and purified by vacuum distillation. The total yield rate of 2,3-butanediol through the process was over 94% and purity of final product reached 99%.

/pdf/reactive-extraction-of-2-3-butanediol-from-fermentation-22ksdcfx0d.pdf

Reactive extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broth

A TiO 2 loading carbon membrane called TiO 2/carbon electrocatalytic membrane as anode and a st ainless steel mesh as cathode constituted an electrocatalytic membrane reactor (ECMR) to treat phenolic wastewater. A syn thetic phenol wastewater as the feed was prepared by mixing 1 0.0 mM phenol and electrolyte (Na 2SO 4) with the concentration of 15 g/L. A systematic experimental design ba sed on the response surface methodology was used to optimize the operating conditions of ECMR. The effects of th ree-level-four-factors including current density, r esidence time, pH and temperature and their mutual interactions on the removal rate of COD were investigated. The res ults showed that two variables of residence time and cur rent density have significant effect on the COD rem oval rate of phenolic wastewater. The removal rate of COD obtained by the model would be 82.23% at the optimized conditions: current density of 0.33 mA/cm 2 , residence time of 4.77 min, pH of 5.56, temperatu re of 36.65 °C. The COD removal rate obtained by the experiment was 82.31%. The experimental results were in good agreement on t he predicted value obtained. The energy consumption of ECMR was 0.32 kWh/kgCOD during the treatment of 10.0 mM phenolic wastewater at the optimal parameter condit ions.

http://www.jwsponline.com/uploadpic/Magazine/17-28.pdf

Optimization of an Electrocatalytic Membrane Reactor for Phenolic Wastewater Treatment by Response Surface Methodology

A cost-effective solvent extraction process for recovery of phenol and its hydroxy derivatives from aqueous medium was developed. Four different solvents—Tributyl phosphate (TBP), Triphenyl phosphate (TPP), Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and Oleic acid (OA)—selected based on their miscibility with water. The extraction efficiency (EE) of the selected solvents was studied. A reversed-phase HPLC system connected to an RP, C18 column was used to analyze the aqueous medium to evaluate the performance of the selected solvents. TBP exhibited the best extraction performance, while TPP and MIBK proved to be good when large amount of solvent was used. However, OA was found to be inefficient to extract the solutes under investigation. Interestingly, a different salvation property was observed and elucidated using the solvation theory.

/pdf/an-efficient-and-cost-effective-solvent-extraction-for-12djlldplq.pdf

An efficient and cost-effective solvent extraction for recovery of phenol and its hydroxy derivatives from aqueous medium

Catalytic activity such as conversion and selectivity on the phenol hydroxylation over TS-1 prepared by hydrothermal method and microwave heating method, respectively, was compared and discussed for understanding the dependence of solvent such as water, methanol, acetone, respectively, during phenol hydroxylation, with hydrogen peroxide. Basic physical properties such as XRD, EDS, SEM and adsorption/desorption were determined and compared. The relationship between catalytic activity and physical properties of TS-1 was explained.

https://www.cheric.org/PDF/HHKH/HK49/HK49-2-0151.pdf

Song-Yi Kwon

Papers

An efficient and cost-effective solvent extraction for recovery of phenol and its hydroxy derivatives from aqueous medium

Phenol Hydroxylation over TS-1 Synthesized by Hydrothermal and Microwave Heating Method: Solvent Dependence