Optical technologies for the detection of viruses like COVID-19: Progress and prospects.

With the rise in public health awareness, research on point-of-care testing (POCT) has significantly advanced. Electrochemical biosensors (ECBs) are one of the most promising candidates for the future of POCT due to their quick and accurate response, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review focuses on the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for fabricating ECBs that has a potential to be used for POCT. The field has expanded remarkably from its initial enzymatic and immunosensor-based setups. This review provides a concise categorization of the ECBs to allow for a better understanding of the development process. The influence of structural aspects of MNPs in biocompatibility and effective sensor design has been explored. The advances in MNP-based ECBs for the detection of some of the most prominent cancer biomarkers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), Herceptin-2 (HER2), etc.) and small biomolecules (glucose, dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ECBs have been briefly discussed. Beyond that, the limitations and challenges that ECBs face in clinical applications are examined and possible pathways for overcoming these limitations are discussed.

Metal Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing: Progress and Challenges in the Clinical Transition of Point-of-Care Testing.

The importance of user-friendly, inexpensive, sensitive, and selective detection of viruses has been highlighted again due to the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Among the analytical tools, paper-based devices (PADs) have become a leading alternative for point-of-care (POC) testing. In this review, we discuss the recent development strategies and applications in nucleic acid-based, antibody/antigen-based and other affinity-based PADs using optical and electrochemical detection methods for sensing viruses. In addition, advantages and drawbacks of presented PADs are identified. Current state and insights towards future perspectives are presented regarding developing POC diagnosis platform for COVID-19. This review considers state-of-the-art technologies for further development and improvement in PADs performance for virus detection.

Paper-based analytical devices for virus detection: Recent strategies for current and future pandemics.

Detection and remediation of pollutants to maintain ecosustainability employing nanotechnology: A review.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/10/11/166/pdf

Printed Electrochemical Biosensors: Opportunities and Metrological Challenges

Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.


 A simple electropolymer based voltammetric sensor for the sensitive determination of melanoma biomarkers, L-Dopa and L-Tyrosine was developed. A glassy carbon electrode modified with poly para toluene sulphonic acid which is an excellent electro-catalyst for the oxidation of L-Dopa and L-Tyrosine enables their simultaneous determination. Fabrication, characterization, calibration, real sample applicability, and consistency in performance of the sensor are discussed in detail. For the simultaneous determination, linear calibration plot has been obtained in two dynamic ranges for both the analytes. For L-Dopa it is from 9.00×10-5 M to 2.00×10-5 M and from1.00×10-5 to 1.00×10-6 M and for L-Tyrosine, 7.00×10-5 M to 2.00×10-5 M and from1.00×10-5 to 1.00×10-6 M are the two dynamic ranges. The recovery values obtained through spike recovery analysis demonstrates its practical application in real sample analysis.

A Simple Electropolymer Based Voltammetric Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Melanoma Biomarkers – L-Dopa and L-Tyrosine

For the first time, we report on a copper nanoclusters based fluorescence sensor for hemoglobin (Hgb). The aggregation-induced quenching of tannic acid capped copper nanoclusters' (TACuNCs) fluorescence by a Hgb-H2O2 mixture that mimics the Fenton's reagent is used here for the selective determination of Hgb. It is possible to effectively determine Hgb using this sensitive and cost-effective sensor in the linear range of 5.0 × 10-8 to 4.0 × 10-9 M with a detection limit of 5.6 × 10-10 M. The practical utility of the sensor is evident from the good recovery values obtained from Hgb spiked with artificial blood serum.

Tannic Acid Capped Copper Nanoclusters as a Cost-Effective Fluorescence Probe for Hemoglobin Determination.


 Purine metabolites are recognized disease biomarkers and food quality inspecting parameters. As such, reliable electro-analytical strategies for the quantification of purine bases are indispensable from a clinical point of view. We propose an efficient voltammetric sensor based on reduced graphene oxide and poly-L-Glutathione modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for determination of purine bases such as Uric acid (UA), Xanthine (XA), Hypoxanthine (HX), and Theobromine (TB). Surface characterization of the GCE has been carried out via surface area determination, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For simultaneous determination, the sensor offers a limit of detection of 1.83×10-7, 6.70×10-8, 2.12×10-7, and 1.14×10-6 mol L-1 for UA, XA, HX, and TB respectively. The practical utility of the sensor has been ascertained via analysis in real samples and the findings are validated using conventional analytical methods. Mechanistic aspects involved in the electrooxidation of analytes have been derived using scan rate studies. A wide concentration linear range with low limit of detection and successful applicability studies in tea, coffee, cocoa, and artificial physiological samples points toward the efficacy of the analytical assay in real sample analysis.

Fabrication and Analytical Investigation of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Poly-L-Glutathione Based Voltammetric Sensor for the Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Purine Derivative and Metabolites

A sensitive voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of norepinephrine and its co-transmitter octopamine using a biopolymer modified glassy carbon electrode

Sonia Sam

Papers

Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

A Simple Electropolymer Based Voltammetric Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Melanoma Biomarkers – L-Dopa and L-Tyrosine

Tannic Acid Capped Copper Nanoclusters as a Cost-Effective Fluorescence Probe for Hemoglobin Determination.

Fabrication and Analytical Investigation of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Poly-L-Glutathione Based Voltammetric Sensor for the Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Purine Derivative and Metabolites

A sensitive voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous determination of norepinephrine and its co-transmitter octopamine using a biopolymer modified glassy carbon electrode