Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.

This article reviews various procedures used in the analysis of circadian rhythms at the populational, organismal, cellular and molecular levels. The procedures range from visual inspection of time plots and actograms to several mathematical methods of time series analysis. Computational steps are described in some detail, and additional bibliographic resources and computer programs are listed.

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Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms.

Purpose. It has recently been suggested that the poly(butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticle drug delivery system has a generalized toxic effect on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (8) and that this effect forms the basis of an apparent enhanced drug delivery to the brain. The purpose of this study is to explore more fully the mechanism by which PBCA nanoparticles can deliver drugs to the brain.

Direct evidence that polysorbate-80-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles deliver drugs to the CNS via specific mechanisms requiring prior binding of drug to the nanoparticles.

Drug delivery to the central nervous system by polymeric nanoparticles: what do we know?

Poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80 for the targeted delivery of rivastigmine into the brain to treat Alzheimer's disease.

Effect of embryonic light exposure on laterality and sociality in quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Migratory birds, such as the European quail, present an annual cycle with the following phases: moult, fattening, migration and reproduction This study aimed at determining how variations in the circadian rhythm of feeding during the annual cycle took endogenous rhythmic characteristics into account The birds (n = 8) were maintained under constant dim light from the age of 1 to 9 months Feeding activity was recorded using infra-red detectors The birds expressed all the phases, except migration Activity was arrhythmic when they were moulting A circadian rhythm of feeding activity appeared during the fattening phase In males, the circadian period lengthened and the clarity of the rhythm increased during sexual development These results appear to confirm the effects of physiological state on the temporal organisation of activity Variations of the circadian rhythm could influence the ability to synchronize with exogenous cycles such as the alternation of day and night

Circadian rhythm of activity during the annual phases in the European quail, Coturnix coturnix

Difference of social motivation in quail selected for divergent circadian activity

Influence of early experience with mothers on the development of social and emotional behaviour in Japanese quail

Social influences on vocal development of young birds have been widely studied in oscine songbirds who learn to sing by vocal imitation of conspecifics, mainly male adults. In contrast, vocal development of non-vocal learners such as Galliformes is considered as being under strong genetic influence and independent of the social environment. In this study, we investigated the role of the mother on the vocal development of young Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). We compared the vocal development of mothered and non-mothered chicks during the first 21 days of life. We analysed the structural changes of two vocalisations: a) the rally call, emitted during long-distance communication and in stressful situations, b) the contact call, emitted during short-distance communication when chicks are in visual and/or auditory contact with congeners. We showed that temporal and spectral structures of the two types of calls changed during development and differed between mothered and nonmothered chicks. These results demonstrate that maternal presence influences the vocal development of the young in the Japanese quail. Even if the adaptive value of such changes was not assessed, these results highlight that plasticity of vocalisations in species considered as non-vocal learners has been underestimated.

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Sophie Lumineau

Papers

Effect of embryonic light exposure on laterality and sociality in quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Circadian rhythm of activity during the annual phases in the European quail, Coturnix coturnix

Difference of social motivation in quail selected for divergent circadian activity

Influence of early experience with mothers on the development of social and emotional behaviour in Japanese quail

Maternal presence influences vocal development in the Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica )