Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future. This has been enabled by advances in technology and availability of small, inexpensive, and smart sensors resulting in cost effective and easily deployable WSNs. However, researchers must address a variety of challenges to facilitate the widespread deployment of WSN technology in real-world domains. In this survey, we give an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further. Then we review the recent technologies and testbeds for WSNs. Finally, we identify several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.

Our survey is different from existing surveys in that we focus on recent developments in wireless sensor network technologies. We review the leading research projects, standards and technologies, and platforms. Moreover, we highlight a recent phenomenon in WSN research that is to explore synergy between sensor networks and other technologies and explain how this can help sensor networks achieve their full potential. This paper intends to help new researchers entering the domain of WSNs by providing a comprehensive survey on recent developments.

Wireless sensor networks: a survey on recent developments and potential synergies

This paper represents energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It is a collection of sensor nodes with a set of limited Processor and limited memory unit embedded in it. Reliable routing of packets from the sensor node to its base station is the most important task for the networks. The routing protocols applied for the other networks cannot be used here due to its battery powered nodes This paper gives an overview of the different routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks and gives a brief working model of energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It also shows the comparison of these different routing protocols based on metrics such as mobility support, stability, issues and latency.

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Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is an emerging technology to provide ubiquitous connectivity among devices without human intervention. The cellular networks are considered a ready-to-use infrastructure to implement M2M communications. However, M2M communications over cellular pose significant challenges to cellular networks due to different data transactions, diverse applications, and a large number of connections. To support such a large number of devices, M2M system architecture should be extremely power and spectrum efficient. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on M2M communications in the context of the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A). More specifically, this paper presents architectural enhancements for providing M2M services in 3GPP LTE/LTE-A networks and reviews the features and requirements of M2M applications. In addition, the signal overheads and various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in M2M communications also deserve our attention. We address M2M challenges over 3GPP LTE/LTE-A and also identify the issues on diverse random access overload control to avoid congestion caused by random channel access of M2M devices. Different application scenarios are considered to illustrate futuristic M2M applications. Finally, we present possible enabling technologies and point out the directions for M2M communications research.

M2M Communications in 3GPP LTE/LTE-A Networks: Architectures, Service Requirements, Challenges, and Applications

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are applicable in numerous domains, including industrial automation where WSNs may be used for monitoring and control of industrial plants and equipment. However, the requirements in the industrial systems differ from the general WSN requirements. In recent years, standards have been defined by several industrial alliances. These standards are specified as frameworks with modifiable parts that can be defined based on the particular application of WSN. However, limited work has been done on defining industry-specific protocols that could be used as a part of these standards. In this survey, we discuss representative protocols that meet some of the requirements of the industrial applications. Since the industrial applications domain in itself is a vast area, we divide them into classes with similar requirements. We discuss these industrial classes, set of common requirements and various state-of-the-art WSN standards proposed to satisfy these requirements. We then present a broader view towards the WSN solution by discussing important functions like medium access control, routing, and transport in detail to give some insight into specific requirements and the classification of protocols based on certain factors. We list and discuss representative protocols for each of these functions that address requirements defined in the industrial classes. Security function is discussed in brief, mainly in relation to industrial standards. Finally, we identify unsolved challenges that are encountered during design of protocols and standards. In addition some new challenges are introduced and discussed.

An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks — A Survey of Requirements, Protocols, and Challenges

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted substantial research interest, especially in the context of performing monitoring and surveillance tasks. However, it is challenging to strike compelling tradeoffs amongst the various conflicting optimization criteria, such as the network’s energy dissipation, packet-loss rate, coverage, and lifetime. This paper provides a tutorial and survey of recent research and development efforts addressing this issue by using the technique of multi-objective optimization (MOO). First, we provide an overview of the main optimization objectives used in WSNs. Then, we elaborate on various prevalent approaches conceived for MOO, such as the family of mathematical programming-based scalarization methods, the family of heuristics/metaheuristics-based optimization algorithms, and a variety of other advanced optimization techniques. Furthermore, we summarize a range of recent studies of MOO in the context of WSNs, which are intended to provide useful guidelines for researchers to understand the referenced literature. Finally, we discuss a range of open problems to be tackled by future research.

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A Survey of Multi-Objective Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks: Metrics, Algorithms, and Open Problems

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking, industrial automation, smart building and so on. Typically, a WSN consists of a large number of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are distributed in the target area for collecting data of interest. For a WSN to provide high throughput in an energy-efficient way, designing an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is of paramount importance because the MAC layer coordinates nodes' access to the shared wireless medium. To show the evolution of WSN MAC protocols, this article surveys the latest progresses in WSN MAC protocol designs over the period 2002-2011. In the early development stages, designers were mostly concerned with energy efficiency because sensor nodes are usually limited in power supply. Recently, new protocols are being developed to provide multi-task support and efficient delivery of bursty traffic. Therefore, research attention has turned back to throughput and delay. This article details the evolution of WSN MAC protocols in four categories: asynchronous, synchronous, frame-slotted, and multichannel. These designs are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, data delivery performance, and overhead needed to maintain a protocol's mechanisms. With extensive analysis of the protocols many future directions are stated at the end of this survey. The performance of different classes of protocols could be substantially improved in future designs by taking into consideration the recent advances in technologies and application demands.

The Evolution of MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

We investigated to what extent maximal ventricular elastance (Emax) is dynamically controlled by the arterial baroreflex and force-frequency relation in conscious dogs and to what extent these mech...

Dynamic control of maximal ventricular elastance via the baroreflex and force-frequency relation in awake dogs before and after pacing-induced heart failure

Cognitive radio networks are developed to solve the under utilization problem of available spectrum. Typically, available spectrum is not fully utilized without supporting multimedia applications. In this work we translate video routing in a dynamic cognitive radio network into a decision theory problem. Then terminal analysis backward induction is used to produce our routing scheme that improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the received video. In the proposed Video aware Cognitive Routing strategy (VCR), two components are introduced that improve the precision of correct decision making in a highly dynamic environment; First, a sample and posterior distribution are introduced to explain the status of channels and nodes in supporting video frame quality of service. Second, a utility function is introduced to capture the effects of spectrum stability, fluctuation of bandwidth availability and path quality. In comparison to a deterministic routing scheme developed for dynamic environment (OSDRP), our simulation results show that VCR improves the video quality by at least 30% at the receiver.

Decision tree modeling for video routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

Adaptability and accuracy in decision making of routing protocols play an important role in the performance of the network. This role is even more crucial in a cognitive radio mesh network operating in a densely populated urban area where the environment is dynamic due to the erratic nature of spectrum availability and spectrum diversity. In this work, a probability distribution called ArgMax is proposed, which can be used as the transitional probability distribution in probabilistic routing and selective protocols. A probabilistic selection routing procedure (PSRP) is also proposed that adopts ArgMax probability distribution to guide packets throughout the network. We have compared the performance of PSRP using ArgMax with PSRP incorporating the well-known and frequently used distribution Odds-On-Mean (OOM) in evaluating its transitional probability distribution. OOM is the distribution that is used in many MAC and routing protocols that select the next node probabilistically. The simulation result suggests that ArgMax enables the routing scheme to adapt to the network dynamic more quickly, and locates the best candidate to route to, more accurately. Hence, the network throughput increased and the end-to-end delay improved.

On transitional probabilistic routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

Routing in a cognitive radio network operating in a dynamic environment is a complex decision problem. Diversity in the number of available spectrum bands and their stability, in addition to the secondary users' heterogeneities, affect the consequence of the routing decision. We use a decision theory framework to model the problem of routing under uncertainties involved in a cognitive radio network. A utility function is designed to capture the effect of spectrum measurement, fluctuation of bandwidth availability, and path quality. A node cognitively decides its best candidate among its neighbors by utilizing a decision tree. Each branch of the tree is quantified by the utility function and a posterior probability distribution that predicts the suitability of available neighbors. In decision tree cognitive routing DTCR, nodes learn their operational environment and adapt their decision-making accordingly. We compared our scheme with the optimal performance in a highly dynamic environment and local coordination-based routing and spectrum assignment protocol [1]. Our results show that the DTCR tends to perform near optimum. It easily adapts to environmental dynamics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcm.2418

Soroor Soltani

Papers

The Evolution of MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Dynamic control of maximal ventricular elastance via the baroreflex and force-frequency relation in awake dogs before and after pacing-induced heart failure

Decision tree modeling for video routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

On transitional probabilistic routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

A decision tree cognitive routing scheme for cognitive radio mesh networks