I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Experimental Neurology By Prof Paul Glees Pp xii + 532 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1961) 75s net

The Nervous System

Prevention of infective endocarditis

1.1. Biomineralization
The study of biomineralization is not only important to gain an understanding of how mineral-rich tissues are created in vivo but also because it is a great source of inspiration for the design of advanced materials.1-7 Mineralized tissues have remarkable hierarchical structures that have evolved over time to achieve great functions in a large variety of organisms. Organic phases play a key role in templating the structure of mineralized tissues; therefore, their matrices are often hybrid in composition, varying widely in the relative content of organic and inorganic substances. Understanding the complex integration of hard and soft phases that biology achieves in mineralized matrices across scales and its link to properties is knowledge of great value to materials chemistry. At the same time, the synthetic mechanisms used by biology to create mineralized matrices could also offer some useful strategies to create synthetic hybrid materials. Often, the amount of organic material utilized by Nature to modify mechanical properties of mineralized structures is vanishingly small. One example is the role of occluded proteins in the toughness of biogenic calcite.8 The study of mammalian bone and teeth in the biomineralization and biomimetic context is particularly interesting since the information derived could contribute a significant biomedical impact on therapies and strategies to repair or regenerate human mineralized tissues. This is an important area given the continually rising average life span of humans. The materials of interest could be highly sophisticated bioactive scaffolds to regenerate bone and possibly dental tissues as well. This review focuses on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in synthetic systems designed primarily in the biomimetic context of bone or enamel mineralization for therapeutic approaches in repair of human tissues. Bone and enamel share the same mineral composition, HA, but have different morphologies and organic content. Enamel is almost entirely inorganic in composition, and bone has a relatively high organic composition. Knowledge acquired in this field may inspire the chemical synthesis of novel hybrid materials, including apatite-based structures for the regeneration of human bone and dental tissues.

Biomimetic Systems for Hydroxyapatite Mineralization Inspired By Bone and Enamel

Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology and endodontics

Titanium is a commonly used inert bio-implant material within the medical and dental fields. Although the use of titanium is thought to be safe with a high success rate, in some cases, there are rare reports of problems caused by titanium. In most of these problematic reports, only individual reports are dominant and comprehensive reporting has not been performed. This comprehensive article has been prepared to review the toxicity of titanium materials within the medical and dental fields. We used online searching tools including MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar by combining keywords such as “titanium implant toxicity,” “titanium implant corrosion,” “titanium implant allergy,” and “yellow nail syndrome.” Recently updated data has been collected and compiled into one of four categories: “the toxicity of titanium,” “the toxicity of titanium alloys,” “the toxicity of titanium implants,” and “diseases related to titanium.” Recent studies with regard to titanium toxicity have been increasing and have now expanded to the medical field in addition to the fields of environmental research and basic science. Problems that may arise in titanium-based dental implants include the generation of titanium and titanium alloy particles and ions deposited into surrounding tissues due to the corrosion and wear of implants, resulting in bone loss due to inflammatory reactions, which may lead to osseointegration failure of the dental implant. These titanium ions and particles are systemically deposited and can lead to toxic reactions in other tissues such as yellow nail syndrome. Additionally, implant failure and allergic reactions can occur due to hypersensitivity reactions. Zirconia implants can be considered as an alternative; however, limitations still exist due to a lack of long-term clinical data. Clinicians should pay attention to the use of titanium dental implants and need to be aware of the problems that may arise from the use of titanium implants and should be able to diagnose them, in spite of very rare occurrence. Within the limitation of this study, it was suggested that we should be aware the rare problems of titanium toxicity.

/pdf/general-review-of-titanium-toxicity-1y0y6kl0d4.pdf

General review of titanium toxicity.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical efficacy and histological outcome of the autogenous tooth graft material (AutoBT) compared to that of anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss®, Geistlich, Switzerland) in post-extraction alveolar bone augmentation.

Patients and Methods
A total of 33 graft sites in 24 patients were included in this study. AutoBT was used in 21 sites of 15 patients and Bio-Oss® was used in 12 sites of 9 patients for alveolar bone augmentation 2–4 weeks after dental extraction. Vertical dimension of grafted bone was measured both at the time of graft placement and at implant fixture placement after 6 months. Trephine cores were harvested for the histomorphometric evaluations during implant placement when feasible. The primary stability of implant fixture was also measured.

Results
Infection of graft material or graft bed was not observed and graft sites healed without any notable complications in both groups. The vertical dimensions of alveolar bone increased by 5.38 ± 2.65 mm in AutoBT group and 6.56 ± 3.54 mm in Bio-Oss® group at 6 months post-extraction. Histomorphometrically, new bone formation of AutoBT-grafted site was 31.24 ± 13.87% while that of Bio-Oss® was 35.00 ± 19.33%. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) of implants placed in AutoBT-grafted sites measured 72.80 ± 10.81 while those placed in Bio-Oss®-grafted sites measured 70.0 ± 12.86. There were no statistically significant differences between measurements of the two groups.

Conclusion
Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix from extracted tooth grafted to extraction sockets for the augmentation of vertical dimension was as effective as augmentation using anorganic bovine bone. Both groups showed favorable wound healing, similar amount of implant stability, and histologically confirmed new bone formation. Thus, the results of this study suggest that autogenous tooth graft material is a viable option for alveolar bone augmentation following dental extraction.

Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix from extracted tooth for the augmentation of alveolar bone defect: a prospective randomized clinical trial in comparison with anorganic bovine bone

Musical intervention reduces patients' anxiety in surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar.

The use of artificial nerve conduit containing viable Schwann cells is one of the most promising strategies to repair peripheral nerve injury. To fabricate an effective nerve conduit whose microstructure and internal environment are more favorable in nerve regeneration than those currently existing,

Peripheral nerve regeneration using a three dimensionally cultured schwann cell conduit.

Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women, and it arises from cells that originate in the cervix uteri. Among several causes of cervical malignancies, infection with some types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is well known to be the greatest cervical cancer risk factor. Over 150 subtypes of HPV have been identified; more than 40 types of HPVs are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region and oral cavity. The recently introduced vaccine for HPV infection is effective against certain subtypes of HPV that are associated with cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers, including oropharyngeal cancer. Two HPV vaccines, quadrivalent and bivalent types that use virus-like particles (VLPs), are currently used in the medical commercial market. While the value of HPV vaccination for oral cancer prevention is still controversial, some evidence supports the possibility that HPV vaccination may be effective in reducing the incidence of oral cancer. This paper reviews HPV-related pathogenesis in cancer, covering HPV structure and classification, trends in worldwide applications of HPV vaccines, effectiveness and complications of HPV vaccination, and the relationship of HPV with oral cancer prevalence.

/pdf/human-papilloma-virus-in-oral-cancer-3gtz77h06g.pdf

Soung Min Kim

Papers

General review of titanium toxicity.

Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix from extracted tooth for the augmentation of alveolar bone defect: a prospective randomized clinical trial in comparison with anorganic bovine bone

Musical intervention reduces patients' anxiety in surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar.

Peripheral nerve regeneration using a three dimensionally cultured schwann cell conduit.

Human papilloma virus in oral cancer