Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural index similarity (SSIM) are two measuring tools that are widely used in image quality assessment. Especially in the steganography image, these two measuring instruments are used to measure the quality of imperceptibility. PSNR is used earlier than SSIM, is easy, has been widely used in various digital image measurements, and has been considered tested and valid. SSIM is a newer measurement tool that is designed based on three factors i.e. luminance, contrast, and structure to better suit the workings of the human visual system. Some research has discussed the correlation and comparison of these two measuring tools, but no research explicitly discusses and suggests which measurement tool is more suitable for steganography. This study aims to review, prove, and analyze the results of PSNR and SSIM measurements on three spatial domain image steganography methods, i.e. LSB, PVD, and CRT. Color images were chosen as container images because human vision is more sensitive to color changes than grayscale changes. Based on the test results found several opposing findings, where LSB has the most superior value based on PSNR and PVD get the most superior value based on SSIM. Additionally, the changes based on the histogram are more noticeable in LSB and CRT than in PVD. Other analyzes such as RS attack also show results that are more in line with SSIM measurements when compared to PSNR. Based on the results of testing and analysis, this research concludes that SSIM is a better measure of imperceptibility in all aspects and it is preferable that in the next steganographic research at least use SSIM.

PSNR vs SSIM: imperceptibility quality assessment for image steganography

In this paper, aiming at tackling the significant concern of identity revocation, we set up outsourcing addition into IBE for the first time and recommend a revocable IBE proposal in the server-aided setting. Our proposal off-load the majority of the key making interrelated operations during key-issuing and key-update processes to a Key Update Cloud Service Provider, departure only a regular number of operations for PKG and users to make locally. This goal is accomplish by exploit a novel collusion-resistant procedure: we take up a hybrid private key for every user, in which an AND gate is complicated to bond and jump the individuality component and the time constituent. Additionally, we suggest another creation which is incontestable secure under the Refereed Delegation of Computation model. In conclusion, we offer extensive untried results to express the efficiency of our projected construction .

Identity-Based Encryption with Outsourced Revocation in Cloud Computing

We consider relations between thresholds for monotone set properties and simple lower bounds for such thresholds. A motivating example (Conjecture 2): Given an n-vertex graph H, write pE for the least p such that, for each subgraph H' of H, the expected number of copies of H' in G=G(n, p) is at least 1, and pc for that p for which the probability that G contains (a copy of) H is 1/2. Then (conjecture) pc=O(pElog n). Possible connections with discrete isoperimetry are also discussed.

Thresholds and expectation thresholds

The development of information technology has led to a significant increase in the share of multimedia traffic in data networks. This has necessitated to solve the following information security tasks in relation to multimedia data: protection against leakage of confidential information, as well as identifying the source of the leak; ensuring the impossibility of unauthorized changes; copyright protection for digital objects. To solve such kind of problems, methods of steganography and watermarking are designed that implement embedding in digital objects hidden information sequences for various purposes. In this paper, an overview of promising research in the specified area is provided. First of all, we provide basic information about this field of research and consider the main applications of its methods. Next, we review works demonstrating current trends in the development of methods and algorithms for data hiding in digital images. This review is not exhaustive; it focuses on contemporary works illustrating current research directions in the field of information embedding in digital images. This is the main feature of review, which distinguishes it from previously published reviews. The paper concludes with an analysis of identified problems in the field of digital steganography and digital watermarking.

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Digital steganography and watermarking for digital images: a review of current research directions

Conventional one-dimensional (1D) chaotic map have a simple structure, which is easy to implement and has a low computational cost, but has a drawback that the range of chaotic behaviors is narrow and the distribution of key sequence is uniform. In order to overcome the drawback, we proposed an improved 1D chaotic system model and evaluate the proposed model through experiments with the logistic map and a sine map. Simulation and performance evaluation shows that the 1D chaotic map improved by the proposed model can overcome the existing defects sufficiently. We also proposed a color image LSB steganography algorithm using the improved 1D chaotic map. Through experiments, we confirmed the accuracy of the proposed color image LSB steganography algorithm. Experimental results proved that the algorithm has a better performance than the previous methods, showing an excellent performance against statistical analysis attacks. We also analyzed the effect of secret data type on the quality of stego image.

A novel color image LSB steganography using improved 1D chaotic map

Image Steganography Using Mid Position Value Technique

This paper presents a steganographic technique using the theory of Brownian motion. In the beginning, the Brownian Based Scrambling procedure introduces traces of non linearity in the carrier medium so as to introduce one layer of security. A lighter pixel (in terms of its intensity) is presumed to experience a faster movement than the heavier ones. The above stated concept is based on the randomized scrambling strategy which is usually chaotic in nature. It actually reflects the strategy of chaos generation in the image medium. The ‘key’ is generated from the Brownian theories and is being utilized in the Power Modulus Scrambling strategy to increase the security level. In addition, the embedding technique, i.e. Pixel Insertion Methodology is also dependent on certain correlation factors of Brownian motion. The performance has been worked out to establish the efficacy of the algorithm. This whole procedure supports high embedding capacity. The experimental results show that the proposed technique performs better or at least at par with respect to many of the existing steganographic techniques. The results have been tested against various benchmarks, as illustrated in the section of experimental results. This approach can be used to provide an additional layer of protection to any system that communicates important data/information through any kind of globally accessed medium. Moreover, this approach serves its purpose of providing seamless security between sender and receiver without producing any distortion in the images. This explicit concept may be used in cyber-security for prevention of unauthorized access of information.

A chaos based image steganographic system

With the rapid escalation of the usage of sensitive data exchange through internet, information security has become a vulnerable realm of concern. Numerous security policies are incorporated, steganography being one of them. In this paper, a new image steganography technique facilitating embedding and extraction mechanisms have been proposed. The classic technique of edge detection is employed in which the threshold is made to vary for every new input test case. Relying on the threshold generation methodology, each edge image is generated in accordance with a distinct key threshold value. This in turn directs the insertion and extraction strategies. By using different performance metrics, like Payload, Mean Squared Error, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Structural Similarity Index, Kullback-Leibler Divergence, Cross-correlation, etc., this procedure substantiates better results. It has quite a remarkable embedding capacity (i.e. Payload). Also the values of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and Structural Similarity Index indicate that the imperceptibility of the stego-image is well-maintained. The statistical results obtained reassure the undetectability of the hidden image. This approach may be used to deliver a status of security to a system which communicates secure data files through any public surveillance medium.

Edge based image steganography with variable threshold

The booming technological trends of the global world bring along with it several disincentives, surmounting which has become a challenging task. The realm of modern communication, in order to shun the attention of any third-party demands certain measure that affirms immense security along with the confidentiality of information. Steganography ratifies the stated fact. With reference to this context, we propose a new image steganographic approach that competently masks the secret information bits without enticing the hackers and crackers. A two-level security mechanism in the form of two-way scrambling has been incorporated in this approach. Arnold transform is implemented on the cover in the very first step, which is succeeded by a new scrambling mechanism based on a unique technique of permutation. The aforesaid steps dexterously encrypt the cover image, thereby ensuing a two-level security in the steganographic method. The embedding mechanism of Position Power First Mapping (PPFM) is next effect...

Enhanced Position Power First Mapping (PPFM) based image steganography

The practice of information exchange through global media like internet extensively entails a security concern. This paper consists of a proposed approach that braces the security concern in the realm of image steganography. The adaptive technique of the Power Modulus Scrambling (PMS) has been preliminarily used so as to disturb the normal pixel orientation of the original carrier. A second layer of encryption is enforced with the implementation of the Block Based Pixel Swapping technique. These steps ensure a two tier secured shield. Next, the embedding procedure is facilitated depending on a comparative key based permutation combination methodology. This approach caters the need of security during communication. The proposed approach is evaluated with respect to substantial performance metrics. The commendable results obtained shows that the foothold of imperceptibility is well maintained.

Srilekha Mukherjee

Papers

Image Steganography Using Mid Position Value Technique

A chaos based image steganographic system

Edge based image steganography with variable threshold

Enhanced Position Power First Mapping (PPFM) based image steganography

A multi level image steganography methodology based on adaptive PMS and block based pixel swapping